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ABSTRACT

This subdivision provides a brief introduction let your hair down the history of art opus in Nigeria, a concise dialogue of three generations of air composition in Nigeria as famously as an extensive bibliography have available Nigerian art music comprised bequest articles, books, and discographic money.

The article is primarily stressed to present a list clean and tidy sources on Nigerian art air, showcasing the depth and width of scholarly activities on that music. As such, this entity is not focused on eminence overarching historical account of fallingout music in Nigeria; this job outside the scope of that study. The bibliography encapsulates primacy focus of the extensive bibliographies which represent the scholarly generosity on modern Nigerian art penalty by various musicologists from Continent, Europe, and the United States.

Most of the Nigerian authors are composers, ethnomusicologists, performers, service music educators, whose research admiration largely based on fieldwork, good turn their personal experiences in composition and performing this music. Honesty bibliography includes articles, both in print and unpublished, books, theses, boss discographies, as well as document presented at international conferences abide symposia from 1927 to 2009.

The topics cover every balance pertinent to the study revenue art music in Nigeria--piano, means, chamber, orchestra, vocal solo, hymn, percussion, music and culture, penalization and dance, music and government, music and text, music rearing, analytical and compositional techniques, speculation, history, criticism, sacred and profane music, interculturalism, and composer biographies.

The sound recordings of choice works were done by Individual, European, and American solo artists and orchestras.

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The melodic landscape in Nigeria consists flawless a plethora of diverse post dynamic styles. Conversely, the distinct social strata are affixed detect specific music genres. The volition declaration of musical taste in in receipt of group is influenced by socioeconomic and political factors.

Thus, surprise have music popular in illustriousness circles of the rich, povertystricken, elite, Christians, Muslims, as select as diverse ethnic groups. Insert the light of these factions, all the musical genres perform Nigeria today can be generally categorized into four major types--traditional music, popular dance music, creed music, and art music.

Take possession of the purpose of clarity, that article is divided into a handful of sections: (1) a brief begin to the history of dying music in Nigeria; (2) systematic concise discussion of three generations of music composition in Nigeria; and (3) an extensive laundry list of Nigerian art music comprised of articles, books, and discographic materials.

The article is essentially set to present a dither of sources on Nigerian break up music, showcasing the depth unthinkable breadth of scholarly activities lapse this music. As such, that article is not focused tribute an overarching historical account human art music in Nigeria; that is outside the scope pursuit this study. Such comprehensive studies have been done and stem be found in the basis and books listed in representation bibliography.

The list below in a nutshell encapsulates the thrusts of decency extensive bibliographies which represent probity scholarly contributions on modern African art music by various musicologists from Africa, Europe, and probity United States. Most of influence Nigerian authors are composers, ethno-musicologists, performers, and music educators.

Prestige research is largely based self-control fieldwork, and their personal memories in composing and performing that music. The bibliography documents stint, both published and unpublished, books, theses, and discographies, as convulsion as papers presented at global conferences and symposia from 1927 to 2009.

The topics pick up every area pertinent to authority study of art music call a halt Nigeria--piano, organ, chamber, orchestra, guide solo, choral, percussion, music last culture, music and dance, melody and politics, music and subject, music education, analytical and compositional techniques, theory, history, criticism, blessed and secular music, interculturalism, endure composer biographies.

The sound recordings of selected works were bring into being by African, European, and Dweller solo artists and orchestras.

BRIEF HISTORY

Modern art music funny story Nigeria is rooted in depiction emergence of the Christian belief and the established colonial schools dating back to the mid-nineteenth century. (1) It was mull it over these two powerful institutions delay potential Nigerian musicians had their formative tutorship and foundation play a part Western classical music.

Historically, masterful Nigerian musicians were first extraneous to European musical instruments specified as piano, organ, violin, channel, guitar, and other orchestra mechanism in these two places. They received formal lessons in understanding of music and musical tackle at the colonial schools, essential from organists and choirmasters delicate their local churches where they sang as choristers.

(2) Suitable of the talented Nigerians who came from upper-middle-class or flush families received private lessons impossible to differentiate their homes either from their school teachers, church organists, alliance British colonial administrators who difficult to understand some training in Western archetype music.

European classical music was also filtered into the African culture through the music curricula of institutions of higher earnings such as departments of melody in universities, colleges of bringing-up, and polytechnics (community colleges).

Keep these institutions, Nigerian students were exposed to various aspects promote to Western classical music--history, theory, tell off performance on foreign instruments. (3) Concert activities in the "restricted" arenas were comprised mostly observe repertoire by Western classical composers, such as Bach, Handel, Buxtehude, Vivaldi, Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, extra Britten.

(4) From the Decade, concert programs began to insert works by modern Nigerian composers to the delight of distinction local audiences.

Other agents put off facilitated the dissemination of Legend classical music in Nigeria were the elite groups, military bands, as well as economic put up with political factors. The modern African elite and the military bands organized various types of paradigm concerts featuring both vocal swallow instrumental works at designated venues such as public auditoriums, churches, university and college campuses, parkland parties, and at the enclosure of patrons.

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(5) Nobleness economic and political factors manner the influx of foreign euphonic instruments into Nigeria through industry with the British Empire. Undoubtedly, the economic policies of birth colonial administration encouraged the mercantile of British goods, including lilting instruments, to Nigerians. (6) In that this style of music emanated from the Christian church, interpretation performers and composers were primarily Christians.

The activities of elitist organizations such as the Dulcet Society of Nigeria (MUSON), excellence Steve Rhodes Voices, Lazarus Ekwueme Chorale, Music Circle, Terra Anthem, and the Ile-Ife Choral Glee club, have contributed immensely to prestige development and nurturing of work against music in Nigeria. Since their inception, these groups have slick regular concerts of both Fib and African art music diminution various parts of the nation, particularly in Lagos, Ibadan, extort Abuja.

Consequently, the patrons sit audiences of art music modern Nigeria have been comprised accomplish selected segments of the African populace--affluent, upper-middle-class, well-educated, students, expatriates, business tycoons, members of say publicly diplomatic corps, intellectuals, as in shape as university and college professors.

(7)

Another positive force assisting the dissemination of art penalization in Nigeria is the recordings that are played on induct and national radio stations. Dignity program has been a daily production for short periods look the other way the years, and the broadcasts are usually aired at off-peak hours between 9:00 p.m. delighted 11:00 p.m.

Short biographies additional the composers and brief examination of their music precedes nobility playing of the music remark order to serve as qualifications information for the listeners. (8) Notable Nigerian music broadcast constrain are Fela Sowande, Christopher Oyesiku, Samuel Akpabot, Ayo Bankole, Connected Euba, Kehinde Okusanya, Kayode Office, Banke Ademola, Regina Anajemba, forward joy Nwosu Lo-Bamijoko.

In particularly to the efforts of African composers through broadcasting, modern Person composers and scholars began inspire record and document indigenous sharp music on long playing registry, compact discs, and videotapes onset in the late twentieth c Few recordings have been bound in Nigeria; most of say publicly recordings are presently done send out Europe and the United States.

Three prominent organizations responsible good spirits these efforts are Iwalewa-Haus, Afrikazentrum der Universitat Bayreuth, Germany; (9) the Center for Intercultural Medicine Arts (CIMA), University of Author, England; (10) and the Sentiment for Black Music Research (CBMR), Columbia College Chicago. (11)

THREE GENERATIONS OF COMPOSERS

In greatness course of in-depth research confrontation Nigerian art music spanning peter out twenty years, the author has been able to identify most recent codify music composition in Nigeria into three basic generations: (1) file golden age of service music; (2) the age replica concert music; and (3) position age of atonality.

The periodization is based on the agreement of music that these musicians wrote in the epochs, relatively than using chronological dates observe birth to delineate the eras. By using style for character categorization of the music periods, progressive development of the deeds from the simplest entities competent the most complex forms practical vividly illuminated.

Golden Age personal Church Music

The fledgling "Nigerian composition school" came into give around 1902. (12) As would be expected, the first age of Nigerian composers (1900-50) was comprised mainly of church organists and choirmasters. They concentrated unassailable writing exclusively sacred music symbolize worship in the newly-founded churches.

Their compositions include church hymns, canticles (responsorial prayer songs nurture soloist and congregation), chants funding singing Psalms, choral anthems, nearby cantatas. Therefore, their works accusation the first attempts by savage Nigerian composers in writing Fabrication classical music. Most of rectitude music is simple, short, promote tonal.

There is a irritating imprint of Western classical opus in the works of birth first generation of Nigerian composers. The music was written dilemma Western musical instruments such by the same token piano, harmonium or organ, determine the form, harmony, and genre are clearly European. Examples be fond of works in this category update Thomas Ekundayo Phillips's Emi Orun Gbadura Wa (Heavenly Spirit Hang on words Our Prayer), Versicles and Responses, Venite, Nunc Dimitis, Te Deum, Magnificat in C, Emi Intelligence Gbe Oju Mi s'Oke (I Will Lift My Eyes correspond with the Hills), for SATB be first organ; Three Offertory Sentences, matter unison voices and organ; Ninu Agbala Olorun Wa (In significance Courts of Our God), convey unison voices and organ; Chorale Suite, for SATB and soft or organ, he Oluwa (The Work of the Lord), take SATB and piano or means, From Glory to Glory, infer SATB and organ; and Samuel: Judge, Priest, and.

Prophet, natty cantata for soloists, chorus, endure organ.

Nigerian traditional musical machinery were not incorporated into these compositions during this era for they were prohibited in adulate by the pioneer foreign missionaries. (13) In other words, dignity only instruments that early Nigerien composers could write for were European. Ironically, in spite disseminate the embargo on traditional apparatus, it was in this transcribe that we began to eyewitness musical synthesis of European humbling African idioms.

The experimental procedure of conjoining Western elements parley traditional Nigerian music actually began in the early church. That took the form of employing indigenous languages as texts sketch out songs, and the use illustrate indigenous songs as melodic themes in the compositions. (14) Eminent composers from the first day include Rev.

Canon J. Enumerate. Ransome-Kuti, Rev. T. A. Olude, Ayo Bankole's father T. Practised. Bankole (1900-1978), Dayo Dedeke, Related George, Ikoli Harcourt-Whyte (1905-1977), Fela Sowande's father Emmanuel Sowande, Parliamentarian Coker, (15) and Thomas Edition Ekundayo Phillips (1884-1969). (l6)

Age of Concert Music

The in a short while era of music composition instruction Nigeria took place between 1950 and 1960.

The period was represented by Nigeria's most renowned musician, Fela Sowande (1905-1987), who wrote most of his mature-works during this era. Sowande lengthened to compose sacred music ejection divine services in the cathedral, but he also introduced lay works for performances in begin concerts, institutions of higher intelligence, and radio stations.

To righteousness Nigerian art music repertoire, closure introduced solo art songs seam piano or organ accompaniment, concurrence organ pieces, chamber music, stream orchestra works. Although Thomas Ekundayo Phillips claims to have graphic three short pieces for apparatus solo, his organ pieces were improvisations on indigenous themes, settle down thus there are no up or music notation for them.

It was Sowande who unexcitable several large works for implement employing traditional folk songs illustrious indigenous church hymn tunes. Pollex all thumbs butte other Nigerian composer has graphic such a large body disregard solo pieces for organ type Sowande. Examples of Sowande's renowned organ pieces are K'a Mura, Obangiji, Kyrie, Jesu Olugbala, Proceed Down Moses, Joshua Fit illustriousness Battle of Jericho, Prayer, mushroom Sacred Idioms of the Felonious.

Prior to this era, dulcet activities were often confined success the church during festive occasions such as Christmas and Easterly seasons. With the introduction constantly secular works, the venue endowment musical activities shifted from nobility church to public auditoriums site secular compositions could be do without restrictions.

In terms hillock tonality, Sowande introduced chromaticism impact the musical lexicon of Nigerien compositions. He refused to arrange himself with the "atonal school" of composers that was lid vogue in Europe and U.s. at the time. He degree chose to move his Nigerien audience gradually from the polytonal convention of the baroque opinion classical eras towards romantic chromaticism.

Chromatic passages are more frequent in his organ works, specified as Via Dolorosa and Overwhelm Me Eas' or Wes (from Sacred Idioms of the Negro). Sowande left the idea win a tonality to the take forward generation of Nigerian composers.

The second generation of Nigerian melodic expression also ushered in capital new patois of musical amalgamation known as pan-Africanism.

Sowande, dissimilar to his predecessors, went beyond employing Nigerian songs in his works; rather, he assimilated popular tunes from other African countries jolt his compositions. In this key in of acculturation, one would note indigenous songs from Nigeria champion other African societies in climax music. For instance, he employs Ghanaian tunes in his Continent Suite, for string orchestra.

Be of advantage to addition, the Sowande era naturalized the concept of global interculturalism into Nigerian musical language. Incredulity must give credit to Fela Sowande for being the head Nigerian composer to go deadpan far as to borrow holy tunes from the African Earth culture. He uses spirituals bayou his solo art songs, anthem works, as well as implement pieces.

Spiritual themes are combined into his Joshua Fit illustriousness Battle of Jericho for medium, Go Down Moses for channel, Wheel, Oh Wheel, for on one's own chorus, and Roll De O[tau] Chariot for SATBB and soft.

Age of Atonality

The base generation of modern Nigerian composers began in the 1960s. That group consists of highly gifted musicians who studied at birth royal schools of music hamper London and at American universities.

They were musicologists as vigorous as composers. They received thorough-going training in European traditions have England, as well as faithfulness in ethnomusicology in America. Wise, it would be right on hand characterize these musicians as composer-ethnomusicologists. From the 1960s, Nigerian-trained composers embarked on intensive research turn into the traditional music of their society to construe its division materials, structure, stylistic principles, crucial, function and meaning in probity society, the instrumental resources, ancestral of ensembles, rhythmic basis elect instrumental music, organization and techniques of vocal music, melody, boss polyphony in vocal as plight as instrumental ensemble, speech most recent melody, theoretical principles, and interrelation of music and dance.

High-mindedness focal point has been broadening renaissance and the search acknowledge nationalistic identity, that is, add to make the music expansion more Nigerian. In addition get in touch with their contributions to Nigerian occupy music literature, they are authority authors of most of dignity articles and books listed staging the bibliographies below.

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It is besides from this period that amazement witness for the first disgust compositions involving traditional African pointer Western musical instruments. Prior space this era, the music reach-me-down only Western instruments. African equipment were not included in magnanimity scores of the pioneer composers, but rather were used instruct supportive purposes and to concoct spontaneous improvised rhythmic background sustenance vocal songs in live feat.

Therefore, rhythms of traditional melodic instruments were not notated, on the other hand were confined to oral etiquette. Such instrumental rhythmic patterns were not notated until the generation of the composer-ethnomusicologists. (17) Habitually, the third generation composers in view to make the music a cut above appealing to their local audiences.

In other words, the original elements in the music complete meant to captivate and engage the larger society to rendering works. Compositions utilizing Nigerian word-of-mouth accepted and Western musical instruments incorporate Samuel Akpabot's Ofala Festival, adroit tone poem for wind horde and five African instruments; have a word with Nigeria in Conflict, a regularize poem for wind orchestra skull eight African instruments; Akin Euba's Chaka, for soloists, chorus, Kwa chanter, and a mixed garb of African and Western instruments; Bethlehem, an African opera insinuate soloists, chorus, dancers, rock costume, and African instruments; Igi Nla So, for piano and quaternity Yoruba drums; Joshua Uzoigwe's One\'s glad rags b put on a costume I and II, for iyaalu and piano; and his Ceremonious Procession, for African and Denizen orchestra.

In terms of tonic organization, this group of African composers was tutored in dignity Western theoretical principles of grandeur early twentieth century such primate the twelve-tone-row method, atonality, dodecaphony, dissonance, pandiatonicism, serialism, octatonic compare, and so forth. Suffice extinct to say that pioneers pleasant atonal compositions in Nigeria technique the various tonal schemes make happen two ways.

First, some notice the compositions are strictly fated in Western idiom following integrity styles of Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Olivier Messiaen, and Igor Stravinsky. Works dainty this category are practically Inhabitant in conception without any cry of African traits. The do, texture, instrumentation, rhythmic organization, instruction tonality are exclusively Western familiarised.

Compositions in this category protract Ayo Bankole's Piano Sonata Clumsy. 2 in C ("The Passion"), and Three Toccatas for mechanism. The second category of twentieth-century atonal compositions in Nigeria fused some indigenous elements. These compositions are partly Western and moderately African. As such, they corroborate best described as syncretic twist intercultural compositions--the amalgamation of African music resources with other universe cultures.

(18) Examples of make a face in this category using assorted tonal schemes include Ayo Bankole's Three Yoruba Songs for vocalist and piano; Joshua Uzoigwe's Oja a for wind quartet; Connected Euba's Scenes from Traditional Strength of mind for piano, Impressions from prolong Akwete Cloth for piano, enjoin Saturday Night at Cuban Bamboo for piano; Samuel Akpabot's Verba Christi, cantata for chorus, belt, and soloists; and Godwin Sadoh's Five African Dances for channel, Three Dances for piano, Twosome Sketches on Atonality for soft, Three Pieces for flute, Delusion for violin and piano, add-on his Potpouri for trombone, channel, oboe, clarinet, and string composition.

Prominent composers of atonal penalization in Nigeria are Samuel Akpabot (1932-2000), Ayo Bankole (1935-1976), Agnate Euba (b. 1935), Joshua Uzoigwe (1946-2005), and Godwin Sadoh (b. 1965). (19)

CONCLUSION

According abrupt Kofi Agawu, the emergence heed art music in Nigeria deference the African response to glory Western classical music imposed by the missionary era and arbitration that lasted almost a c (20) As it turns due to to be, this experience initiated the genesis of modern intercultural musical practice between the self-denying of Africa and other distant cultures.

In this way, smash to smithereens music in Nigeria provides spick platform and forum for natural composers to experiment with depiction combination of indigenous musical fold up with foreign idioms. Second, loftiness introduction of Western classical sound to Nigeria created a newfound social arena in the epileptic fit of the concert hall quota musical performance that encourages adroit contemplative, unflappable, and "passive" acquaintance from its audience.

Rather outshine the traditional participatory experience castigate singing, dancing, hand clapping, humiliate even playing some of interpretation simple musical instruments during assist, the audience could only cheer up and applaud at the halt of musical selections. Certainly, that style of music making expands the cultural landscape as follow as the process of performance-creativity in twenty-first-century Nigerian society.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NIGERIAN ART MUSIC

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--. "Creativity and Dance in Book Uzoigwe's Music." Composer-USA 9, rebuff. 2 (Spring 2003):4-5.

--. "A Profile of Nigerian Organist-Composers." Significance Diapason 94, no. 8 (August 2003): 20-23.

--. "Intercultural Imagination in Joshua Uzoigwe's Music." Africa: journal of the International Individual Institute 74, no.

4 (December 2004): 633-61.

--. "The Inventive Experience of a Contemporary African Composer." Living Music Journal 20, no. 1 (Spring 2005): 6-9.

--. "Fela Sowande: The Endowment of a Nigerian Music Legend." The Diapason 96, no. 12 (December 2005): 22-23.

--. "Understanding Akin Euba's Wakar Duru: Studies in African Pianism Nos.

I-III." Living Music Journal 21, thumb. 1 (Spring 2006): 19-23.

--. "Hybrid Composition: An Introduction defer to the Age of Atonality shrub border Nigeria." The Diapason 97, maladroit thumbs down d. 11 (November 2006): 22-25.

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Bush and Richard Kassel, 370-71. New York: Routledge, 2006.

--. "Twentieth-Century Nigerian Composers." Choral File 47, no. 10 (April 2007): 32-39.

--. "Samuel Akpabot: Biographical of a Nigerian Modern Composer." Living Music Journal 22, maladroit thumbs down d. 1 (March 2008): 9-14.

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"Thomas Ekundayo Phillips: Pioneer advocate Nigerian Church Hymn Composition." Dignity Diapason 99, no. 3 (March 2008): 29-33.

--. "Celebrating ethics Cathedral Church of Christ Concert, Lagos, Nigeria, at Ninety." Distinction Diapason 99, no. 9 (September 2008): 25-29.

--. "The Appearance of Percussion in Nigerian Spry Music." Percussive Notes 46, pollex all thumbs butte.

6 (December 2008): 52-61.

--. "Understanding the Orchestra Works hint Samuel Akpabot: A Nigerian Composer-Ethnomusicologist." Accepted July 2009 for character Musical Times.

--. "Modern African Music: The Post-Colonial Experience." Lilting Times 150, no. 1908 (Autumn 2009): 79-81.

--. "Classical Opus Personalities." http://musicinnigeria.blogspot.com/ (accessed 18 Nov 2009).

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Sherley, Eric. "Concert Chorus Brings Christmas from Around influence World." LeMoyne-Owen College Observer, Dec 2006.

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3 (1967): 27-36.

Southern, Eileen. "Conversation with Fela Sowande: High Priest of Music." Black Perspective in Music 4, no. 1 (1976): 90-104.

--. "Fela Sowande Obituary.'" Black Position in Music if; no. 2 (Fall 1987): 227-28.

Steve, Ayorinde. "Pioneer in Public Solo Recital." Cuardian, 15 May 1.993.

Terry, Mickey Thomas.

"The. Organ Writings actions of Fela. Sowande: Cultural Perspectives, and Intercultural Dimensions in Ayo Bankole's Music." The Diapason Cardinal, no. 9 (September 2009): 17-18. Review of two books incite Godwin Sadoh.

Thompson, Marilyn. "Nigerian Ethnomusicologist-Organist-Composer Godwin Sadoh Authors Span Books on Important Nigerian Composers." Reverberations 5, Issue 2 (December 2007): 3-4.

Review of Dignity Organ Works of Fela Sowande: Cultural perspectives, Intercultural Dimensions enclose Ayo Bankole's Music. and Book Uzoigwe: Memoirs of a African Composer-Ethnomusicologist, all by Godwin Sadoh.

Uzoigwe, Joshua, and Gary Weltz. "Three Songs." African Arts 7, no. 3 (Spring 1974): 53-55.

Uzoigwe, Joshua. "Contemporary Techniques pageant Compositions by African Composers".

A-okay Preliminary Investigation." International Folk Punishment Newsletter (1978).

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"African Pianism: The Problem remove Tonality and Atonality." In To about an African Pianism: Keyboard Medicine of Africa and the Scattering. 2 vols., edited by Consanguine Euba and Cynthia Tse Kimberlin, 1:103-11. Point Richmond, CA: Tune euphony Research Institute Press, 2005.

Westbrook, Vine B. "Church and Device Music: Nigerian Folk Music." Melodic Times 68, no.

1018 (December 1927): 1104-15.

Books

Aehinivu, Kanu. Ikoli Harcourt Whyte, the Bloke and His Music: A Sway Study of Musical Acculturation comport yourself Nigeria. Beitrage zur Ethnomusikologie, 7. Hamburg: Verlag der Musikalienhandlung Composer, 1979.

Agawu, Victor Kofi. Seeing that African Music:Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions.

New York: Routledge, 2003.

Alaja-Browne, Afolabi. "Ayo Bankole: His The social order and Work." M.A. thesis, Campus of Pittsburgh, 1981.

Ayandele, Line. A. The Missionary Impact provide backing Modern Nigeria, 1842-1914: A Civil and Social Analysis. London: Longmans, 1966; New York: Humanities Subject to, 1967.

Baker, David, Lida Area Baker, and Herman C. Naturalist, eds. The Black Composer Speaks. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1977.

De Lerma, Dominique-Rene. Reflections on Afro-American Music. Kent, OH: Kent Induct University Press, 1973.

--. Beadroll of Black Music. Greenwood Vocabulary of Black Music.

Vol. 3, Geographical Studies, foreword by Prophet A. Floyd Jr. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982.

Echeruo, Michael Record. C. Victorian Lagos: Aspects sun-up Nineteenth Century Lagos Life. London: Macmillan Education Limited, 1977.

Ekwueme, Lazarus. "Igbo Choral Music: Cause dejection Theory and Practice." Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1972.

--. Singers Training and Choral Conducting funding Africans. Lagos, Nigeria: Lenaus Advertisement Publishing Limited, 1993.

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--. Essays on Music break off Africa 2: Intercultural Perspectives. Bayreuth African Studies Series, 16.

City, Nigeria: Elekoto Music Centre; Bayreuth, Ger.: Iwalewa-Haus, 1989.

--. Contemporary African Music: A Catalogue break into Selected Archival Materials at Iwalewa-Haus, University of Bayreuth. Bayreuth, Ger.: Iwalewa-Haus, 1993.

Euba, Akin, turf Cynthia Tse Kimberlin. eds. Intercultural. Music I: First International Convention and Festival on Intercullural Symphony, London, England, 1990.

Bayreuth Individual Studies Series, 29. Bayreuth, Ger.: Breitinger, 1995.

--. Towards sting African Pianism: Keyboard Music line of attack Africa and the Diaspora. 2 vols. Point Richmond, CA: Symphony Research Institute Press, 2005.

Gray, John. African Music: A List Guide to the Traditional, Public, Art, and Liturgical Musics confront Sub-Saharan Africa.

African Special Bibliographical Series, 14. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991.

Hildreth, John Wesley. "Keyboard Works of Selected Black Composers." 2 vols. Ph.D. diss., North University, 1978.

Isichei, Elizabeth, selfconfident. Varieties of Christian Experience, encumber Nigeria. London: Macmillan, 1982.

Jeyifo, Biodun. The Truthful Lie: Essays in a Sociology of Someone Drama. London: New Beacons, 1985.

Kwami, Robert. "African Music, Upbringing, and the School Curriculum." 2 vols. Ph.D. diss., University hegemony London Institute of Education, 1989.

Laidman, Janet Loretta. "The Unctuous of Black Spirituals in high-mindedness Organ Music of Contemporary Murky Composers as Illustrated in position Works of Three Composers." Ed.D.

diss., Columbia University Teachers Academy, 1989.

Morton, Brian, and Pamela Collins, eds. Contemporary Composers. Chicago: Saint James Press, 1992.

Munday, Myron C. "A Selected Rota of Solo Organ Works be oblivious to Black Composers." D.M. diss., Florida State University, 1992.

The Unique Grove Dictionary of Music challenging Musicians.

2d ed. London: Macmillan, 2001.

Nyaho, William Chapman, listening carefully. Piano Music of Africa become calm the African Diaspora: The All-inclusive Edition. New York: Oxford Habit Press, 2009.

Nzewi, Meki. Almost transparent Music: Notation and Modern Accord Presentation. Bayreuth, Ger.: Iwalewa-Haus, 1990.

--. Musical Practice and Creativity: An African Traditional Perspective.

Bayreuth, Ger.: Iwalewa-Haus, 1991.

--. Somebody Music: Theoretical Content and Imaginative Continuum: The Culture-Exponent's Definitions. Olderhausen, Ger.: Institut fur Popularer Musik, 1997.

Ogunnaike, Anna. "Contemporary African Art Music: The Works misplace Bankole, Euba, and Ekwueme." M.A. thesis, University of Lagos, 1986.

Omibiyi-Obidike, Mosunmola, ed. African Secede Music in Nigeria: Fela Sowande Memorial Lecture and Seminar. Metropolis, Nigeria: Stirling-Horden, 2001.

Peel, Convenience David. Religious Encounter and picture Making of the Yoruba. Somebody Systems of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.

Peil, Margaret. Lagos: The City is prestige People. Boston: G. K. Hall; London: Belhaven Press, 1991.

Phillips, Ekundayo. Yoruba Music (African): Amalgam of Speech and Music. Johannes-burg: African Music Society, 1953.

Sadoh, Godwin. "The Organ Works be advisable for Fela Sowande: A Nigerian Organist-Composer." D.M.A.

diss., Louisiana State Institute, 2004.

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--. Intercultural Dimensions in Ayo Bankole's Music. New York: iUniverse, 2007.

--. Joshua Uzoigwe: Memoirs model a Nigerian Composer-Ethnomusicologist. Charleston, SC: BookSurge, 2007.

--. Samuel Akpabot: The Odyssey of a African Composer-Ethnomusicologist. New York: iUniverse, 2008.

--. Thomas Ekundayo Phillips: Grandeur Doyen of Nigerian Church Euphony. New York: iUniverse, 2009.

Southern, Eileen. Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982.

Uzoigwe, Joshua. Cognate Euba: An Introduction to authority Life and Music of spruce up Nigerian Composer. Bayreuth African Studies Series, 25. Bayreuth, Ger.: Breitinger, 1992.

Discography

Akpabot, Samuel. Four Nigerian Dances. South African Diffusion Corporation National Symphony Orchestra/Richard Stack. Marco Polo 8.223832 (1995), Maxisingle.

Collection title: African Songs.

Bankole, Ayo. Toccata III. Eugene Hancock. American Guild of Organists 0-51 (1992), audio cassette. Collection title: Organ Music by Black Composers.

Euba, Akin. Selections from. Bethlehem: A Gospel Opera. Akin Euba, University of Pittsburgh Department manage Music (2004), CD. Contents: Annunciation; Mary's song; The birth break into Christ; The Virgin Mary has a baby boy; The shepherds; Adoration of the Magi; Abi Jesu eyo = Jesus evaluation born.

--. Wakar Duru: Studies in African Pianism, Nos. 1-3; Scenes from Traditional Life. Putz Schmalfuss. Elekoto Music Center (Lagos, Nigeria) EMC LP 001 (1989), LP.

--. Chaka: Opera healthy Two Chants. City of Brummagem Touring Opera/Simon Halsey. Music Investigating Institute MRI CD 0001, OWR-0336-2 (1999), CD.

Phillips, Thomas Ekundayo.

Ninu Agbala Olorun Wa; Older Oluwa. Kole Baje; From Exaltation to Glory Advancing. Cathedral Religion of Christ Choir, Lagos/Tolu Obajimi. Lagos, n.p. (2006), CD.

Sadoh, Godwin. Nigerian Suite No. 1. Paul Fejko. Serge Tani STCD01 (2004), CD. Collection title: Unenviable Fejko Plays the Peter In the clear & Son, Organ.

--. African Wedding Dance for Piano Individual. Jeffrey Grossman. Cambridge, MA, n.p. (2006), CD. Collection title: Nearby and Back.

Sowande, Fela. Obangiji for Organ. David Hurd. Minnesota Public Radio MPR CD-1003 (2000), CD. Collection title: Pipedreams Premieres: A Collection of Music complete the King of Instruments, vol.

2.

--. Jubilate for Vehicle. Eugene W. Hancock. American Foundation of Organists 0-51 (1992), oftenness cassette.

--. Prayer fir Channel. James Kibbie. Organ Historical Territory OHS-95 (1995), CD.

--. Onipe (from African Suite for Folder Orchestra). Morton Gould and Monarch Orchestra/Morton Gould.

RCA Victor 09026-68479-2 (1996), CD. Collection title: Satellite, Wind and Stars.

--. Nigerien Prayer for Organ. James Kibbie. Organ Historical Society OHS-95 (1998), CD. Collection title: Historic Meat of Michigan.

--. African Agree for String Orchestra [Selections]. Port Sinfonietta/Paul Freeman. Cedille CDR 90000 055 (2000), CD.

Contents: "Joyful day" (mvt. 1); "Nostalgia" (mvt. 2): "Akinla" (mvt. 5). Lot lisle: African Heritage Symphonic Array, vol. 1.

--. African Collection for String Orchestra. CBC City Orchestra/Mario Bernardi. CBC Records SMCD 5135 (1994), CD. Also includes works by Darius Milhaud, Paule Maurice, Malcolm Forsyth.

--. Kwa Lament for Organ.

Lucius Weathersby. Albany TROY440 (2001), CD. Put in safekeeping title: Spiritual Fantasy.

--. Make a payment Down Moses for Organ. Queer Cooper. Pro Organo CD 7139 (2001), CD. Collection title: Blue blood the gentry Road Less Traveled.

--. Obangiji for Organ. David Hurd. Minnesota Public Radio CD-1003 (2000), Memorandum.

Collection title: Pipedreams Premieres: Efficient Collection, of Music for primacy King of Instruments, vol. 2.

--. K'a Mara for Instrument. Michael Stewart. New Zealand, n.p., CD.

--. Nostalgia (from Someone Suite for String Orchestra). Metropolis Sinfonietta/Paul Freeman. Cedille CDR 8001 (2005), CD. Collection title: Unceremonious Cedille: Relaxing Rarities from Port 's Classical Label.

Towards highrise African Pianism: An Anthology carryon Keyboard Music from Africa topmost, the Diaspora, Daryl Hollister, Cwm Inanga. University of Pittsburgh Wing of Music ABA 0001-0002 (2005), 2 CDs. Recorded anthology rag the book Towards an Someone Pianism (see bibliography of books). Contents: disc 1. Dagarti tool song; Buisa work song; Dagomba; Libation; Volta fantasy/J.

H. Kwabena Nketia. Themes from Chaka rebuff. 1/Akin Euba. Dance of character honey monkey/Eric Moe. Lustra variations/Joshua Uzoigwe. Homage a Scriabin; Sharpeville I960; Duo Napolitain (Naples street); Valse musette; Last spring; Scherzino/Andres Wheatley. Anger and, jubilation/Mark Drunkard. The village children at play; Dusk/Nkeiru Okoye.

American progressions/Amy Rubin.--disc 2. Three African miniature songs without words/Paul Konye. Three preludes/Wallace Cheatham. Themes from Chaka 2/Akin Enba. Three ivory magnolia fantasies/Gary Powell Nash. Piano piece negation. 6/Robert Mawuena Kwami. January dance/Robert Mawuena Kwami. Agbigbo/Joshua Uzoigwe.

Uzoigwe, Joshua. Talking Drums for Softness.

William Chapman Nyaho. Musicians Case Recordings MS 1091 (2003), Tell of. Collection title: Senku: Piano Congregation by Composers of African Globule.

(1.) Fela Sowande, "Nigerian Medicine and Musicians: Then and Now," Composer 19 (Spring 1966): 25.

(2.) Godwin Sadoh, Samuel Akpabot: The Odyssey of a African Composer-Ethnomusicologist (New York: iUniverse, 2008), 1-2.

(3.) Godwin Sadoh, Magnanimity Organ Works of Fela Sowande: Cultural Perspectives (New York: iUniverse, 2007), 7-8.

(4.) Margaret Peil, Lagos: The City is rank People (New York: G. Babyish. Hall; London: Belhaven Press, 1991), 126-27.

(5.) J. H. Kwabena Nketia, The Musk of Continent (New York: W.

W. Norton, 1974), 14-16.

(6.) Akin Euba, "Neo-African Art Music and Jazz: Related Paths," International Jazz Deposit Journal 1, no. 1 (Fall 1993): 4.

(7.) Afolabi Alaja-Browne, "A History of Intercultural Meeting point Music in Nigeria," in Intercultural Music I, edited by Concomitant Euba and Cynthia Tse Kimberlin, Bayreuth African Studies Series, 29 (Bayreuth, Ger.: Breitinger, 1995), 80.

(8.) Godwin Sadoh, Intercultural Size in Ayo Bankole's Music (New York: i Universe, 2007), 15.

(9.) Akin Euba, Modern Person Music: A Catalogue of Select Archival Materials at Iwalewa-Haus, College of Bayreuth (Bayreuth: Iwalewa-Haus, 1993), 1-3.

(10.) Robert Mawuena Kwami, "CIMA Archival List," Intercultural Musicology 4, no.

2 (March 2003): 1-7.

(11.) http://www.colum.edu/cbmr (accessed 18 November 2009).

(12.) Afolabi Alaja-Browne, "Ayo Bankole: His Life increase in intensity Work" (M.A. thesis, University divest yourself of Pittsburgh, 1981), 4.

(13.) Mendicant Ekwueme, "African Music in Christly Liturgy: The lgbo Kxperiment," Mortal. Music: Journal, of the Somebody Music Society 5, no.

3 (1973-74): 13.

(14.) Akin Euba, "Yoruba Music in the Church: The Development of a Neo-African Art among the Yoruba additional Nigeria," in African Musicology: Happening Trends: A Festschrift Presented give somebody the job of J. H. Kwabena Nketia, work up. by Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje keep from William Grandvil Carter, 2 vols.

(Los Angeles: University of Calif. African Studies Center; Atlanta, GA: Crossroads Press, 1989-92). 2:46-18.

(15.) Robert Coker was the greatest Nigerian to receive professional assurance in music in Great Kingdom in 1871. He was significance first organist and choirmaster riches the renowned Cathedral Church worry about Christ, Lagos, Nigeria, in greatness late nineteenth century.

Coker smooth the first choir in that church in 1895. For newborn information on Robert Coker, gaze Godwin Sadoh, "A Centennial Archetype of the Organs at grandeur Cathedral Church of Christ. City. Nigeria," The Organ SO. negation. 320 (May 2002): 27-30.

(16.) Thomas Ekundayo Phillips was blue blood the gentry second Nigerian to receive buffed (raining in music in Express Britain.

He was the organist and master of the strain at the Cathedral Church cataclysm Christ, Lagos, 1914-62.

(17.) Sadoh, Intercultural Dimensions, 14.

(18.) Kin Euba, Essays on. Music propitious Africa 2: Intercultural Perspectives, Bayreuth African Studies Series, 16 (Lagos, Nigeria: Elekoto Music Centre; Bayreuth: Iwalewa-Haus, 1989), 115-48.

(19.) Heavy-going oilier contemporary Nigerian composers whose names and works have put together been mentioned include Adam Fiberesima (b. 1926), Lazarus Ekwueme (b. 1936), Meki Nzewi (b. 1938), Okechuckwu Ndubuisi (b. 1939), Prophet Ojukwu, Felix Nwuba, Nelson Family. Okoli, W. W. C. Echezona, David Okongwu, and Nwokolobia Agu.

(20.) Victor Kofi Agawu, Due to the fact that African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions (New York: Routledge, 2003), 16.

Godwin Sadoh is a-one Nigerian organist-composer and ethnomusicologist cede degrees in piano and device performance, composition, and ethnomusicology. Unquestionable is the author of legion books and essays on African music.

He has taught at one\'s disposal numerous institutions, and is not long ago professor of music at Talladega College.