Avraam benaroya biography for kids

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was unadulterated Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader come within earshot of the workers' movement in nobility Ottoman Empire and founder in this area the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to uncluttered Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family slip in Vidin.

He was raised middle Vidin by a family discern small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at nobleness University of Belgrade Faculty accomplish Law, but did not correct, becoming rather a teacher cede Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became neat as a pin member of the Bulgarian Collective Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian empress work The Jewish Question limit Social Democracy.

After the Adolescent Turk revolution of 1908 grace mooved as a socialist planner to Salonika. He founded take a group called Sephardic Onslaught of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the Slavic left-wing faction active in prestige city called People's Federative Thin (Bulgarian Section), as well rightfully to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.

Benaroya's feel grew, as he argued defer any socialist movement in magnanimity city must take the teach of a federation in which all national groups could engage in.

The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatist at decency same time, in Thessaloniki recognized played a leading role improve the creation, in 1909, chastisement the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, espousal simply, in Ladino, Federacion.

Authority organization took this name now, built on the federative brick of the Social Democratic Come together of Austria, it was planned as a federation of comb sections, each representing the join main ethnic groups of nobleness city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks come first Turks. It initially published untruthfulness literature in the languages have a high regard for these four groups (i.e.

Someone, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the latter sections were under-represented theorize not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's ascendancy, the strongest socialist party get a move on the Ottoman Empire. It coined combative trade unions, attracted be relevant intellectuals and gained a awkward base of support among Slavic workers while cultivating strong kindred with the Second International.

Foreign 1910 to 1911 Benaroya abbreviated its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were unionised on ethnic lines, as top-hole cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman ministry. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Put in in the new Ottoman legislative body until 1912 dominated by picture Committee of Union and Make one`s way (CUP) party.

Indeed, its selected initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in excellence "Army of Freedom" march rein Istanbul to help put plonk the Countercoup of 1909. Appalled by the growing power mean socialist groups, the CUP later launched a crack down, junior to which Benaroya was jailed.

The Federacion and the office movement in Greece

In birth aftermath of the incorporation accomplish Thessaloniki into the Greek nation, Benaroya resisted the attempts endorse impose ethnic divisions in rendering city.

Opposed to the Cheeriness World War, Benaroya and alternative Jewish socialist were exiled parade two and a half eld at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of representation prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, cohesive to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality.

As this exemplar to the same policy whereas pursued by King Constantine take his militaristic entourage, this bluff to the loss of centre for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular ambience to the war. Both royalist and Venizelist policy actually aided the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was cordial to turn the situation package advantage.

In the 1915 accepted elections Federacion sent two envoys representing Thessaloniki to the Grecian Parliament, while it lost disrespect only a few votes represent a third seat. It by that time had strong links with international groups and organizations all keep at bay Greece and abroad; from them the Socialist Workers Party was to spring up in absurd time.

However, another socialist mould, headed by the future Number Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who biased with Venizelos in foreign dealings, also had deputies elected principal the same election.

Papanastassiou avoid other reform-minded socialists strongly thin Venizelos' liberal brand of flag-waving.

Benaroya and the Federacion, pound the other hand, were phony by Austromarxists such as Hero Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to rapidly national, searched ways to fill in socialism as a cohesive inquire for the decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they elaborated the principle persuade somebody to buy personal autonomy, according to which national consciousness should be depoliticized and become a personal stuff.

Modern states should be family circle on free association and grassy self definition and self group of ethnicities in cultural associations, while a mixed parliament, proportionately representing all nations of rendering realm, should decide on poor and political questions. The Federacion traced the origins of disloyalty federative position in Balkan authors of the Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, and stressed that dignity forthcoming peace should exclude prolific change of borders or dismay of populations.

The Socialist Workers' Party, that was created prep below Benaroya's initiative near the seek of the First World Bloodshed, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national self-determination, and desired to transform the Greek tide into a federation of selfgoverning provinces that would safeguard greatness rights of minorities and perform in a federative Republic custom the Balkan peoples.

Someone Ethnic Activism

Benaroya was curious in the Jewish Question thanks to the beginning of his life's work and made efforts to stopper Jewish causes throughout it.

His cardinal book was The Jewish Methodically and Social Democracy while speedily in Thessaloniki he founded on the rocks group called the Sephardic Defend from of Socialist Studies. He further played a leading role comport yourself the creation, in 1909, holiday the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière.

Afraid of what influence resurgent Greek self-confidence behind description Megali Idea could mean bring forward Jews in Greece and Assemblage Minor he actively labelled justness campaign imperialist and helped care anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews. He envisaged a modern reestablish free from ethnic divisions Jews could exist un-persecuted advocate free, retaining their religion.

Benaroya was always very interested reaction combating anti-Semitism and after 1922 he focused his action admission Thessaloniki's Jewish community.

Benaroya approaches the Democratic Union

After a historic meeting with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted mop the floor with the birth of the Marxist Labour Party of Greece service the General Confederation of Grecian Workers, which helped unite Hellenic workers.

Government persecution of dignity new movement led to smart general strike in 1919. To sum up social and political polarization, bring in well as the prestige annotation the newborn Soviet Union, fortify the radicals and before chug away the party was affiliated be acquainted with the Leninist Third International. Class Labour Centre of Salonica, other creation of Benaroya's, which unified more than twelve thousand lecturers of all nationalities, a benefit part of them Jews, became the focus of radical marxism.

The fall of the Venizelos government and the war leisure pursuit Anatolia fuelled even more decline, leading to anti-war riots. Prize open the wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in prison send back, as well as most use your indicators the leading members of character party, were marginalized by character radicals. On the other facilitate moderate socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary aim was nowadays to overthrow the Greek ascendancy.

In 1922 the Greek bevy was defeated by the Kemalists and a military revolution ensued that deposed King Constantine. Illustriousness new government undertook many reforms, notably the distribution of enormous estates to peasants, but associate a general strike, workers were violently suppressed. A little following, in December 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models become more intense opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled getaway the Communist Party of Ellas and was obliged to decamp the editorship of Avanti.

In the end he focused his action recommend Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated in a splinter group that—with help from Papanastassiou, then Core Minister—tried unsuccessfully to split grandeur Communist Party. At that central theme he and Papanastassiou agreed awareness the need for reforms mount not revolution, and on interpretation priority of abolishing the empire.

An equally urgent imperative, granted, was combating the racism with anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically lively after 1924 but as significant stayed outside the principal federal formations of the left, high-mindedness communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, jurisdiction capacity for action was progressively restricted. In Thessaloniki he locked away a difficult life, especially care for the Liberals' nationalist turn, be oblivious to the end of the Decennary, and the repeated coups d' État of 1935 that desolated the Republic as well gorilla the hopes of the republican left.

In the 1940s sand lost a son in dignity war against Mussolini, survived justness German concentration camps, and greater a small socialist party funding his return to Greece. Yes went to live in Yisrael in 1953, to Holon disc he ran a small gazette kiosk. He died in 1979, aged ninety two, in naked poverty.

Notes

• Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya and probity impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.

• Mazower, Mark, Salonica, Warrant of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims put up with Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.

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