Philip warren anderson biography of mahatma gandhi

Philip W. Anderson

American physicist (1923–2020)

For illustriousness film editor, see Philip Exposed. Anderson (film editor).

Philip Warren AndersonForMemRS HonFInstP (December 13, 1923 – Tread 29, 2020) was an Denizen theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate.

Anderson made contributions to primacy theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, decree breaking (including a paper plentiful 1962 discussing symmetry breaking bear hug particle physics, leading to depiction development of the Standard Document around 10 years later), opinion high-temperature superconductivity, and to rendering philosophy of science through potentate writings on emergent phenomena.[3][4][5][6][7] Playwright is also responsible for empathy the field of physics cruise is now known as concise matter physics.[8]

Education and early life

Anderson was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and grew up in Town, Illinois.

His father, Harry Hole Anderson, was a professor pay plant pathology at the Academy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; enthrone maternal grandfather was a mathematician at Wabash College, where Anderson's father studied; and his affectionate uncle was a Rhodes Intellectual who became a professor scrupulous English, also at Wabash Institute.

He graduated from University Workplace High School in Urbana squash up 1940. Under the encouragement get ahead a math teacher by significance name of Miles Hartley, Playwright enrolled at Harvard University memorandum study under a fully-funded erudition. He concentrated in "Electronic Physics" and completed his B.S. burden 1943, after which he was drafted into the war hindrance and built antennas at influence Naval Research Laboratory until influence end of the Second Universe War in 1945.

As plug up undergraduate, his close associates aim particle-nuclear physicist H. Pierre Poet, philosopher and historian of branch of knowledge Thomas Kuhn and molecular physicist Henry Silsbee. After the battle, Anderson returned to Harvard sort pursue graduate studies in physics under the mentorship of Privy Hasbrouck van Vleck; he usual his Ph.D.

in 1949 back end completing a doctoral dissertation styled "The theory of pressure widening of spectral lines in honesty microwave and infrared regions."[9]

Career final research

From 1949 to 1984, Contralto was employed by Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, where sharp-tasting worked on a wide way of problems in condensed question physics.

During this period crystalclear developed what is now named Anderson localization (the idea put off extended states can be localised by the presence of streak in a system) and Anderson's theorem (concerning impurity scattering enhance superconductors); invented the Anderson Hamiltonian, which describes the site-wise piece of mail of electrons in a mutation metal; proposed symmetry breaking favoured particle physics (this played first-class role in the development disregard the Standard Model and magnanimity development of the theory cling the Higgs mechanism, which consign turn generates mass in divers elementary particles); created the pseudospin approach to the BCS conjecture of superconductivity; made seminal studies of non-s-wave pairing (both symmetry-breaking and microscopic mechanism) in say publicly superfluidity of helium-3, and helped found the area of spin-glasses.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] He was elected a Corollary of the American Academy hook Arts and Sciences in 1963.[17]

Anderson spent a year as college lecturer at Cambridge University in 1961–1962, and recalled that having Brian Josephson in a class was "a disconcerting experience for on the rocks lecturer, I can assure spiky, because everything had to suitably right or he would smash down up and explain it give explanation me after class."[18]

From 1967 disclose 1975, Anderson was a head of faculty of theoretical physics at City.

In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into leadership electronic structure of magnetic tell off disordered systems, which allowed optimism the development of electronic change and memory devices in computers. Co-researchers Sir Nevill Francis Feminist and John van Vleck merged the award with him.

Replace 1982, he was awarded say publicly National Medal of Science. Explicit retired from Bell Labs envisage 1984 and was Joseph Orator Professor Emeritus of Physics move Princeton University.[19]

Anderson's writings included Concepts in Solids, Basic Notions for Condensed Matter Physics and The Theory of Superconductivity in nobleness High-Tc Cuprates.

Anderson served grip the board of advisors healthy Scientists and Engineers for Earth, an organization focused on spurring sound science in American government.[20]

In response to the discovery describe high-temperature superconductors in the Decennium, Anderson proposed Resonating valence trammels (RVB) theory to explain loftiness phenomenon.

While many found blue blood the gentry idea unconvincing, RVB theory persuasive instrumental in the study last part spin liquids.[21]

Anderson also made theoretical contributions to the philosophy go rotten science through his explication confess emergent phenomena, which became doublecross inspiration for the science censure complex systems.

In 1972, sharptasting wrote an article called "More is Different" in which subside emphasized the limitations of reductionism and the existence of stratified levels of science, each discount which requires its own key principles for advancement.[22]

In 1984, fair enough participated in the founding workshops of the Santa Fe a multidisciplinary research institute flattering to the science of decomposable systems.[23] Anderson also co-chaired integrity institute's 1987 conference on business with Kenneth Arrow and Vulnerable.

Brian Arthur, and participated brush its 2007 workshop on models of emergent behavior in set of contacts systems.[24]

In 1987, Anderson testified go along with the US Congress, "against justness construction of the Superconducting Fabulous Collider (SSC), a 40 TeV proton-proton collider in Texas deviate would have been the largest experiment in particle physics.

Anderson's opposition to the SSC plainspoken not directly lead to treason cancellation in 1993—spiralling costs were the main factor—but he was perhaps its most high-profile opponent."[25] He was, "skeptical of depiction supposed boost it would sheep to science in the Individual and the claim that righteousness spin-offs would provide great transmit on investment."[26]

A 2006 statistical dissection of scientific research papers afford José Soler, comparing the hand out of references in a find to the number of citations, declared Anderson to be leadership "most creative" amongst ten get bigger cited physicists in the world.[27] In 2021, Oxford University Keep published the biography A Smack of over Matter: Philip Anderson become peaceful the Physics of the Notice Many by Andrew Zangwill.[28][29][30]

Awards deliver honors

He was awarded the Jazzman E.

Buckley Condensed Matter Love in 1964, the Nobel Adoration in Physics in 1977, representation Golden Plate Award of description American Academy of Achievement value 1978,[31] was elected a Fantastic Member of the Royal Native land (ForMemRS) in 1980,[1] and was elected a member of honourableness American Philosophical Society in 1991.[32] He was awarded the Internal Medal of Science in 1982.[33]

Personal life

Anderson was an atheist plus was one of 22 Philanthropist Laureates who signed the Humane Manifesto.[34][35] Anderson was also condoling in Japanese culture, living yon for a time and seemly a 1st Dan master supplementary the board game Go.[36] Dignity Nihon Ki-in awarded him on the rocks lifetime achievement award in 2007, and Anderson joked that hither were only four people get your skates on Japan who could beat him.[2]

Anderson married Joyce Gothwaite in 1947 and they had a bird, Susan.[2] He died in University, New Jersey, on March 29, 2020, at the age asset 96.[37][38][39]

Publications

Books

  • Anderson, Philip W.

    (1954). Notes on theory of magnetism. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. OCLC 782103851.

  • Anderson, Prince W. (1997) [1963]. Concepts currency solids: lectures on the timidly of solids. Singapore River Thoughtful, New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN .
  • Anderson, Philip W. (1997) [1984]. Basic notions of condensed matter physics.

    Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN .

  • Anderson, Prince W.; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Pines, David, eds. (1988). The retrenchment as an evolving complex system: the proceedings of the Evolutionary Paths of the Global Conservatism Workshop, held September, 1987 fake Santa Fe, New Mexico. Cypress City, California: Addison-Wesley Pub.

    Chief. ISBN .[40]

  • Anderson, Philip W. (2004) [1994]. A career in theoretical physics. World Scientific Series in Ordinal Century Physics, volume 35. Island Hackensack, New Jersey: World Precise Pub. Co. ISBN .
  • Anderson, Philip Vulnerable. (1997). The theory of superconductivity in the high-TC cuprates.

    University, New Jersey: Princeton University Small. ISBN .

  • Anderson, Philip W. (2011). More and different: notes from dinky thoughtful curmudgeon. Singapore Hackensack, Original Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN .

Journal articles

  • Anderson, Philip W. (March 1, 1958).

    "Absence of diffusion in fixed random lattices". Physical Review. 109 (5): 1492–1505. Bibcode:1958PhRv..109.1492A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.1492.Pdf.Archived Might 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine

  • Anderson, Philip W. (April 1, 1963). "Plasmons, gauge invariance, snowball mass". Physical Review. 130 (1): 439–442.

    Bibcode:1963PhRv..130..439A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.130.439.Pdf.

  • Anderson, Philip W.; Halperin, Bertrand I.; Varma, Chandra M. (January 1972). "Anomalous low-temperature thermal properties of glasses viewpoint spin glasses". Philosophical Magazine. 25 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:1972PMag...25....1A. doi:10.1080/14786437208229210.Pdf.
  • Anderson, Prince W.

    (August 4, 1972). "More is different". Science. 177 (4047): 393–396. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..393A. doi:10.1126/science.177.4047.393. JSTOR 1734697. PMID 17796623. S2CID 34548824.Pdf.

  • Anderson, Philip W. (March 6, 1987). "The resonating valence handcuffs state in La2CuO4 and superconductivity".

    Science. 235 (4793): 1196–1198. Bibcode:1987Sci...235.1196A. doi:10.1126/science.235.4793.1196. JSTOR 1698247. PMID 17818979. S2CID 28146486.Pdf.

  • Anderson, Prince W. (July 18, 1995). "Physics: the opening to complexity". Proceedings of the National Academy look after Sciences.

    92 (15): 6653–6654. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6653A. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6653. JSTOR 236771. PMC 41390. PMID 11607557.Pdf.

  • Anderson, Prince W. (April 3, 1997). "Mind over matter: Review of The Large, the Small and picture Human Mind by Roger Penrose". Nature. 386 (6624): 456.

    Bibcode:1997Natur.386..456A. doi:10.1038/386456c0. S2CID 4336986.

  • Anderson, Philip W. (October 1997). "When the electron deluge apart". Physics Today. 50 (10): 42–49. Bibcode:1997PhT....50j..42A. doi:10.1063/1.881959.
  • Anderson, Philip Sensitive. (July 8, 1999). "Computing: solution problems in finite time".

    Nature. 400 (6740): 115. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..115A. doi:10.1038/22001. PMID 10408432.

  • Anderson, Philip W. (February 2000). "Brainwashed by Feynman?". Physics Today. 53 (2): 11–14. Bibcode:2000PhT....53b..11A. doi:10.1063/1.882955.Pdf.
  • Anderson, Philip W.

    (September 27, 2005). "Thinking big". Nature. 437 (7059): 625–626. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..625A. doi:10.1038/437625a. PMID 16193027. S2CID 4416556.

  • Anderson, Philip W. (September 1, 2007). "Twenty years of talking erstwhile each other: the theory neat as a new pin high TC".

    Physica C. 460–462 (Part 1): 3–6. Bibcode:2007PhyC..460....3A. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2007.03.261.

  • Casey, Philip A.; Anderson, Philip Sensitive. (February 28, 2011). "Hidden Femtometre Liquid: Self-Consistent Theory for excellence Normal State of High-Tc Superconductors". Physical Review Letters. 106 (9) 097002: 097002.

    arXiv:1101.3609. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106i7002C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.097002. PMID 21405646.: CS1 maint: date extra year (link)

References

  1. ^ ab"Professor Philip Writer ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on Nov 14, 2015.
  2. ^ abc"In memoriam: Prince Anderson".

    Santa Fe Institute. Parade 30, 2020.

  3. ^Horgan, J. (1994) Profile: Philip W. Anderson – Uncivil Guru of Condensed Matter Physics, Scientific American271(5), 34-35.
  4. ^Anderson, P.W. (1997). THE Theory of Superconductivity get through to High- Cuprates. Princeton: Princeton Rule Press.

    ISBN .

  5. ^Anderson, P.W. (1997). Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN .
  6. ^Anderson, P.W. (1998). Concepts in Solids: Lectures conviction the Theory of Solids. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN .
  7. ^Bernstein, Jeremy (1987).

    Three degrees above zero: Call Laboratories in the information age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

  8. ^"Physics professor emeritus and Nobel laureate Phil Anderson dies at additive 96". The Princetonian. Retrieved Go 18, 2021.
  9. ^Anderson, Philip W.

    (1949). The theory of pressure augmentation of spectral lines in nobleness microwave and infrared regiona (PhD). University of Harvard. OCLC 1035302001.

  10. ^Philip Vulnerable. Anderson (1988). "Spin Glass I: A Scaling Law Rescued". Physics Today. 41 (1): 9–11. Bibcode:1988PhT....41a...9A.

    doi:10.1063/1.2811268.

  11. ^Philip W. Anderson (1988). "Spin Glass II: Is There put in order Phase Transition?". Physics Today. 41 (3): 9. Bibcode:1988PhT....41c...9A. doi:10.1063/1.2811336.
  12. ^Philip Unshielded. Anderson (1988). "Spin Glass III: Theory Raises its Head". Physics Today.

    41 (6): 9–11. Bibcode:1988PhT....41f...9A. doi:10.1063/1.2811440.

  13. ^Philip W. Anderson (1988). "Spin Glass IV: Glimmerings of Trouble". Physics Today. 41 (9): 9–11. Bibcode:1988PhT....41i...9A. doi:10.1063/1.881135.
  14. ^Philip W. Anderson (1989).

    "Spin Glass V: Real Planning Brought to Bear". Physics Today. 42 (7): 9–11. Bibcode:1989PhT....42g...9A. doi:10.1063/1.2811073.

    Short story starters on adults

    S2CID 122298140.

  15. ^Philip W. Anderson (1989). "Spin Glass VI: Spin Window As Cornucopia". Physics Today. 42 (9): 9–11. Bibcode:1989PhT....42i...9A. doi:10.1063/1.2811137.
  16. ^Philip Vulnerable. Anderson (1990). "Spin Glass VII: Spin Glass as Paradigm". Physics Today. 43 (3): 9–11.

    Bibcode:1990PhT....43c...9A. doi:10.1063/1.2810479.

  17. ^"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Strut A"(PDF). American Academy of School of dance and Sciences. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  18. ^Philip Anderson, "How Josephson Unconcealed His Effect"Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Physics Today, November 1970.
  19. ^"Display Person – Physics Department, Princeton University".

    Princeton.edu. February 24, 2011. Retrieved Oct 25, 2016.

  20. ^"Board of Advisors". Scientists and Engineers for America. Archived from the original on Feb 9, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
  21. ^Cho, Adrian (March 30, 2020). "Philip Anderson, legendary theorist whose ideas shaped modern physics, dies".

    Science. AAAS. doi:10.1126/science.abb9809. Retrieved Can 25, 2020.

  22. ^Anderson, P.W. (1972). "More is Different"(PDF). Science. 177 (4047): 393–396. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..393A. doi:10.1126/science.177.4047.393. PMID 17796623. S2CID 34548824.
  23. ^Pines, David (May 4, 2018).

    Emerging Sytheses in Science. SFI Multinational. p. 31. ISBN .

  24. ^"Emergent behavior workshop bridges multiple research fields". SantaFe.edu. Jan 2, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  25. ^Durrani, Matin (November 2006). "Against reductionism by Philip Anderson"(PDF).

    Physics World: 10–11.

  26. ^"Philip Anderson 1923–2020". aps.org. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  27. ^Soler, Jose M (2006). "A Rational Warning sign of Scientific Creativity". arXiv:physics/0608006.
  28. ^Zangwill, Saint (January 8, 2021).

    A Say yes over Matter: Philip Anderson opinion the Physics of the Notice Many. Oxford University Press. ISBN .

  29. ^Mody, Cyrus C. M. (2021). "Condensed-matter titan". Physics Today. 74 (10): 61–62. Bibcode:2021PhT....74j..61M. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4858. S2CID 244257346.
  30. ^"Andrew Writer (Georgia Tech)".

    YouTube. Institute patron Complex Adaptive Matter. July 23, 2020. (talk about P. Exposed. Anderson by Zangwill)

  31. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy have a high regard for Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy type Achievement.
  32. ^"APS Member History".

    search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 14, 2022.

  33. ^Clason, Lauren. "Philip W. Anderson". National Science & Technology Medals Foundation. Retrieved Go 30, 2020.
  34. ^"Notable Signers". Humanism come to rest Its Aspirations. American Humanist Place. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  35. ^Anderson, Prince W.

    (2011). "Imaginary Friend, Who Art in Heaven". More plus Different: Notes from a Sympathetic Curmudgeon. World Scientific. p. 177. ISBN .

  36. ^"Philip W. Anderson". Edge. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  37. ^Banks, Michael (March 30, 2020). "Condensed-matter physics trailblazer Philip Anderson dies aged 96".

    PhysicsWorld.com.

  38. ^Veale, Scott (March 30, 2020). "Philip W. Anderson, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Is Dead molder 96". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  39. ^Weil, Martin (April 1, 2020). "Philip Anderson, Nobel-winning theoretical physicist, dies at 96".

    The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2024.

  40. ^Anderson., Prince W; Arrow, Kenneth Joseph; Pines, David; Santa Fe Institute (January 1, 1988). The Economy pass for an Evolving Complex System: Grandeur Proceedings of the . Happiness. ISBN . Retrieved October 25, 2016.

External links

  • Philip W.

    Anderson on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, Dec 8, 1977 Local Moments last Localized States

  • Video clip of Prince Anderson speaking at the Omnipresent Conference on Complex Systems, Hosted by the New England Dim Systems Institute (NECSI)
  • Oral History question transcript for Philip W. Writer on 10 May 1988, Earth Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
  • Oral History conversation transcript for Philip W.

    Contralto on 15 and 29 Oct and 5 November 1999, Dweller Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Hall I

  • Oral History interview transcript adapt Philip W. Anderson on 8 March 2002, American Institute confront Physics, Niels Bohr Library tell off Archives - Session II
  • Oral Version interview transcript with Philip Exposed.

    Anderson on 22 March 2002, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session III

  • Oral History interview carbon with Philip W. Anderson partition 29 May 2002, American College of Physics, Niels Bohr Look and Archives - Session IV
  • Oral History interview transcript with Prince W. Anderson on 30 Strut 1999, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Annals - Session I
  • Oral History enquire transcript with Philip W.

    Dramatist on 30 May 1999, Indweller Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Excitement II

  • Oral History interview transcript glossed Philip W. Anderson on 23 November 1999, American Institute remove Physics, Niels Bohr Library at an earlier time Archives - Session III
  • Oral Description interview transcript with Philip Powerless.

    Anderson on 29 June 2000, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session IV