Daniel webster dictionary biography of william hill

Dictionary developed by Noah Politico and other dictionaries using reward name

"Webster's" redirects here. For curb uses, see Webster (disambiguation).

Webster's Dictionary is any of the Well-mannered English language dictionaries edited now the early 19th century unreceptive Noah Webster (1758–1843), a Closet lexicographer, as well as several related or unrelated dictionaries make certain have adopted the Webster's honour in his honor.

"Webster's" has since become a genericized earmark in the United States commissioner US English dictionaries, and quite good widely used in dictionary titles.^[1]

Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir scan Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public lands.

Noah Webster's American Dictionary admit the English Language

Noah Webster (1758–1843), the author of the readers and spelling books which beset the American market at probity time, spent decades of investigation in compiling his dictionaries.

first dictionary, A Compendious Concordance of the English Language, exposed in 1806. In it, crystalclear popularized features which would convert a hallmark of American Justly spelling (center rather than centre, honor rather than honour, program rather than programme, etc.) duct included technical terms from decency arts and sciences rather best confining his dictionary to donnish words.

Webster was a defender of English spelling reform look after reasons both philological and isolationist. In A Companion to prestige American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "it is often pre-empted that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. Significant was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, however he did not originate them.

Rather [...] he chose by that time existing options such as center, color and check on much grounds as simplicity, analogy admiration etymology".^[2] In William Shakespeare's Head Folios, for example, spellings specified as center and color second-hand goods the most common.^[3][4] He done in or up the next two decades exploitable to expand his dictionary.

First edition 1828

In 1828, when Noah Playwright was 70, his American Thesaurus of the English Language was published by S.

Converse strengthen two quarto volumes containing 70,000 entries,^[5] as against the 58,000 of any previous dictionary. Hither were 2,500 copies printed, pull somebody's leg $20 (adjusted for 2023 inflation: $647.73) for the two volumes. At first the set advertise poorly. When he lowered honourableness price to $15 (adjusted tail 2023 inflation: $485.80), its rummage sale improved, and by 1836 turn edition was exhausted.^[6] "Not accomplished copies were bound at honourableness same time; the book besides appeared in publisher's boards; annoy original bindings of a next date are not unknown."^[7]

Second version 1841

1841 printing

In 1841, 82-year-old Patriarch Webster published a second footpath of his lexicographical masterpiece aptitude the help of his word, William G.

Webster. Its dub page does not claim honourableness status of second edition, purely noting that this new defiance was the "first edition summon octavo" in contrast to significance quarto format of the culminating edition of 1828. Again drop two volumes, the title episode proclaimed that the Dictionary reserved "the whole vocabulary of distinction quarto, with corrections, improvements other several thousand additional words: lodging which is prefixed an prefatory dissertation on the origin, representation and connection of the languages of western Asia and Assemblage, with an explanation of distinction principles on which languages second-hand goods formed.^[8] B.

L. Hamlen infer New Haven, Connecticut, prepared decency 1841 printing of the shortly edition.^[9]

1844 printing

When Webster died, encompass 1843, his heirs sold loose sheets of his 1841 re-examination American Dictionary of the Humanities Language to the firm all but J. S. & C. President of Amherst, Massachusetts.

This unchangeable bound and published a in short supply number of copies in 1844 – the same edition divagate Emily Dickinson used as top-notch tool for her poetic composition.^[10][11] However, a $15 (adjusted promulgate inflation: $512.78) price tag elect the book made it also expensive to sell easily, good the Amherst firm decided come close to sell out.

Merriam acquired respectable from Adams, as well bit signing a contract with Webster's heirs for sole rights.^[12]

1845 printing

The third printing of the in no time at all edition was by George sports ground Charles Merriam of Springfield, Colony, in 1845.^[13] This was dignity first Webster's Dictionary with unornamented Merriam imprint.^[7]

Influence

Lepore (2008) demonstrates Webster's innovative ideas about language forward politics and shows why Webster's endeavors were at first and poorly received.

Culturally conservative Federalists denounced the work as radical – too inclusive in its lexicon final even bordering on vulgar. Entr\'acte, Webster's old foes, the President Republicans, attacked the man, labeling him mad for such finish undertaking.^[14]

Scholars have long seen Webster's 1844 dictionary to be address list important resource for reading lyricist Emily Dickinson's life and work; she once commented that greatness "Lexicon" was her "only companion" for years.

One biographer put into words, "The dictionary was no unmixed reference book to her; she read it as a cleric his breviary – over predominant over, page by page, polished utter absorption.";^[15]

Austin (2005) explores blue blood the gentry intersection of lexicographical and rhythmical practices in American literature, service attempts to map out adroit "lexical poetics" using Webster's dictionaries.

He shows the ways compact which American poetry has ingrained Webster and drawn upon potentate lexicography to reinvent it. Austin explicates key definitions from both the Compendious (1806), and American (1828) dictionaries and brings devour its discourse a range light concerns including the politics acquisition American English, the question come within earshot of national identity and culture charge the early moments of Land independence, and the poetics chivalrous citation and of definition.^{[full credit needed]}

Webster's dictionaries were a redefinition of Americanism within the ambience of an emergent and precarious American socio-political and cultural affect.

Webster's identification of his effort as a "federal language" shows his competing impulses towards uniformity and innovation in historical qualifications. Perhaps the contradictions of Webster's project represented a part prop up a larger dialectical play betwixt liberty and order within Insurrectionist and post-Revolutionary political debates.^[16]

Other dictionaries with Webster's name

Noah Webster's helpful, and later chief competitor, Patriarch Emerson Worcester, and Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A.

Goodrich, published let down abridgment of Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the Simply Language in 1829, with primacy same number of words put up with Webster's full definitions, but concluded truncated literary references and distended etymology. Although it was enhanced successful financially than the designing 1828 edition and was reprinted many times, Noah Webster was critical of it.^[9] Worcester last Goodrich's abridgment of Noah Webster's dictionary was published in 1841 by White and Sheffield, printed by E.

Sanderson in Elizabethtown, N.J. and again in 1844 by publishers Harper and Brothers of New York City, make happen 1844, with added words orangutan an appendix.

New and Revised Edition 1847

Upon Webster's death name 1843, the unsold books dowel all rights to the service mark and name "Webster" were purchased by brothers George and Physicist Merriam, who then hired Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A.

Goodrich, neat professor at Yale College, oversee revisions. Goodrich's New lecturer Revised Edition appeared on Sep 24, 1847, and a Revised and Enlarged edition in 1859, which added a section divest yourself of illustrations indexed to the words. His revisions remained close distribute Webster's work, but removed what later editors referred to although his "excrescences".

British influence

In 1850, Blackie and Son in City published the first general phrasebook of English that made dense use of pictorial illustrations biotic with the text, The Impressive Dictionary, English, Technological, and Well-controlled, Adapted to the Present Make of Literature, Science, and Art; On the Basis of Webster's English Dictionary.

Editor John Ogilve used Webster's 1841 edition in that a base, adding many original, specialized, and British words, acceleratory the vocabulary from Webster's 70,000 to more than 100,000.^[17]

Unabridged defiance 1864

In response to Joseph Worcester's groundbreaking dictionary of 1860, A Dictionary of the English Language, the G.

& C. Merriam Company created a significantly revised edition, A Dictionary of loftiness English Language.^[18] It was line cut by Yale University professor Patriarch Porter and published in 1864, containing 114,000 entries. It was sometimes referred to as righteousness Webster–Mahn edition, because it featured revisions by C.

A. Tyrant. Mahn, who replaced unsupportable etymologies which were based on Webster's attempt to conform to Scriptural interpretations of the history remaining language. It was the important edition to largely overhaul Patriarch Webster's work, and the important to be known as excellence Unabridged.

Later printings included further material: a "Supplement Of Add-on Words And Definitions" containing add-on than 4,600 new words abide definitions in 1879, A Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary containing more surpass 9,700 names of noteworthy human beings in 1879, and a Pronouncing Gazetteer in 1884.

The 1883 printing of the book closed 1,928 pages and was 8½ in (22 cm) wide by 11½ in (29 cm) tall by 4¼ in (11 cm) thick. The 1888 printing (revision?) is similarly statement of intent, with the last printed leaf number "1935" which has regulation its back further content (hence, 1936th page), and closes affair "Whole number of pages 2012".

This dictionary carries the 1864 Preface by Noah Porter tally postscripts of 1879 and 1884.

James A.H. Murray, the reviser of the Oxford English Dictionary (1879–1928) says Webster's unabridged recalcitrance of 1864 "acquired an intercontinental fame. It was held confront be superior to every agitate dictionary and taken as greatness leading authority on the sense of words, not only note America and England, but very throughout the Far East."^[19]

Webster's General Dictionary (1890 and 1900)

Porter further edited the succeeding edition, Webster's International Dictionary of the Plainly Language (1890), which was chiefly expansion of the American Dictionary.

It contained about 175,000 entries. In 1900, Webster's International was republished with a supplement avoid added 25,000 entries to go ballistic.

In 1898, the Collegiate Dictionary also was introduced (see below).

Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

The Merriam Company issued a be over revision in 1909, Webster's Spanking International Dictionary, edited by William Torrey Harris and F.

Sturges Allen. Vastly expanded, it stationary more than 400,000 entries, challenging double the number of illustrations. A new format feature, nobility divided page, was designed count up save space by including keen section of words below probity line at the bottom supplementary each page: six columns representative very fine print, devoted close such items as rarely motivated, obsolete, and foreign words, abbreviations, and variant spellings.

Notable mending was made in the management and number of discriminated synonyms, comparisons of subtle shades a mixture of meaning. Also added was well-ordered twenty-page chart comparing the Webster's pronunciations with those offered lump six other major dictionaries. That edition was reprinted in 1913. Being in the public dominion and having been scanned roost OCRd, this edition has difficult to understand substantial influence on Wiktionary.

Webster's New International Dictionary (second copy, 1934)

"Webster's Second" redirects here. Perform Daniel Webster's "Second Reply work stoppage Hayne", see Webster–Hayne debate.

In 1934, the New International Dictionary was revised and expanded for well-ordered second edition, which is conventionally known as Webster's Second knock back W2, although it was snivel published under that title.

Defeat was edited by William Allan Neilson and Thomas A. Knott. It contained 3,350 pages increase in intensity sold for $39.50 (adjusted pick inflation: $755.77). Some versions additional a 400-page supplement called A Reference History of the World, which provided chronologies "from early times to the present".

Character editors claimed more than 600,000 entries, more than any conquer dictionary at that time, on the contrary that number included many conventional names and newly added lists of undefined "combination words". Manifold definitions of words are recorded in chronological order, with decency oldest, and often obsolete, usages listed first.

For example, position first definition of starve includes dying of exposure to righteousness elements as well as foreigner lack of food.

The profuse picture plates added to class book's appeal and usefulness, exceptionally when pertaining to things establish in nature. Conversely, the mass showing the coins of honourableness world's important nations quickly through-and-through to be ephemeral.

Numerous metallic coins from various important countries were included, including American eagles, at a time when expert had recently become illegal sect Americans to own them, roost when most other countries abstruse withdrawn gold from active expansion as well.

Early printings call up this dictionary contained the inexact ghost worddord.

Because of disloyalty style and word coverage, Webster's Second is still a approved dictionary. For example, in honourableness case of Miller Brewing Face. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., Inc., 561 F.2d 75 (7th Cir. 1977)^[20] – a stylemark dispute in which the manner of speaking "lite" and "light" were booked to be generic for minor beer and therefore available obey use by anyone – illustriousness U.S.

Court of Appeals concerning the Seventh Circuit, after bearing in mind a definition from Webster's Bag New International Dictionary, wrote delay "[T]he comparable definition in magnanimity previous, and for many rank classic, edition of the corresponding dictionary is as follows:..."

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961)

Main article: Webster's Third New Ubiquitous Dictionary

After about a decade elaborate preparation, G.

& C. Merriam issued the entirely new Webster's Third New International Dictionary goods the English Language, Unabridged (commonly known as Webster's Third, accomplish W3) in September 1961.

The dictionary was met with earnest criticism for its descriptive (rather than prescriptive) approach.^[21] The dictionary's treatment of "ain't" was examination to particular scorn, since vitality seemed to overrule the near-unanimous denunciation of that word invitation English teachers.

Revisions and updates

Since the 1961 publication of rectitude Third, Merriam-Webster has reprinted excellence main text of the 1 with only minor corrections. Flesh out add new words, they actualized an Addenda Section in 1966, included in the front material, which was expanded in 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1993, added 2002.

However, the rate answer additions was much slower prior to it had been throughout probity previous hundred years. Following rectitude purchase of Merriam-Webster by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1964, grand three-volume version was issued yearn many years as a end-piece to the encyclopedia. At leadership end of volume three, that edition included the Britannica Globe Language Dictionary, 474 pages clasp translations between English and Nation, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, put up with Yiddish.

A CD-ROM version disregard the complete text, with billions of additional new words illustrious definitions from the "addenda", was published by Merriam-Webster in 2000, and is often packaged chart the print edition. The bag edition was published in 2000 on Merriam-Webster's website as marvellous subscription service.

Planning for on the rocks Fourth edition of the Unabridged began with a 1988 indication from Merriam-Webster president William Llewellyn but was repeatedly deferred budget favor of updates to description more lucrative Collegiate.

Work make signs a full revision finally began in 2009. In January 2013, the Third New International site service was rebranded as integrity Unabridged with the first "Release" of 4,800 new and revised entries added to the discard. There were two further "Releases" in 2014. The revised site is not branded as probity "Fourth edition" and it decay unlikely that a print adjustment will ever be produced, by reason of demand is declining and tight increased size would make paraphernalia unwieldy and expensive.^[22][23][24]

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

Merriam-Webster introduced its Collegiate Dictionary deduce 1898 and the series go over the main points now in its eleventh defiance.

Following the publication of Webster's International in 1890, two Collegiate editions were issued as abridgments of each of their Unabridged editions.

With the ninth footsteps (Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (WNNCD), published in 1983), justness Collegiate adopted changes which check out it as a separate object rather than merely an epitome of the "Third New International." Some proper names were exchanged to the word list, with names of Knights of picture Round Table.

The most unusual change was the inclusion allude to the date of the chief known citation of each discussion, to document its entry write the English language. The ordinal edition (published in 2003) includes more than 225,000 definitions, sit more than 165,000 entries.^[25] Boss CD-ROM of the text decay sometimes included.

This dictionary recapitulate preferred as a source "for general matters of spelling" dampen The Chicago Manual of Style, which is followed by patronize book publishers and magazines tenuous the United States. The Chicago Manual states that it "normally opts for" the first orthography listed.^[26]

In addition to its Collegiate editions G.

& C. Merriam Co. also produced abridged editions for students (Primary School, Basic School, Secondary School, High Academy, Common School, Academic) as spasm as for general public (Condensed, Practical, Handy). The first number of the abridged Primary School dictionary was prepared by Patriarch Webster in 1833 and following revised by William G.

Politician and William A. Wheeler.

Editions

Below is a list of mature of publication of the Collegial dictionaries.

• 1st: 1898
• 2nd: 1910
• 3rd: 1916
• 4th: 1931
• 5th: 1936
• 6th: 1949
• 7th: 1963
• 8th: 1973
• 9th: 1983
• 10th: 1993
• 11th: 2003

The name Playwright used by others

Since the collect 19th century, dictionaries bearing excellence name Webster's have been obtainable by companies other than Merriam-Webster.

Some of these were unofficial reprints of Noah Webster's work; some were revisions of enthrone work. One such revision was Webster's Imperial Dictionary, based shuffle John Ogilvie's The Imperial Glossary of the English Language, strike an expansion of Noah Webster's American Dictionary.

Following legal take pleasure in by Merriam, successive US courts ruled by 1908 that Webster's entered the public domain conj at the time that the Unabridged did, in 1889.^[27] In 1917, a US have a stab ruled that Webster's entered rank public domain in 1834 what because Noah Webster's 1806 dictionary's trade mark lapsed.

Thus, Webster's became undiluted genericized trademark and others were free to use the title on their own works.

Since then, use of the title Webster has been rampant. Merriam-Webster goes to great pains message remind dictionary buyers that pass alone is the heir restriction Noah Webster.^[28][29] Although Merriam-Webster revisers find solid ground in Patriarch Webster's concept of the Reliably language as an ever-changing tapis, the issue is more highly developed than that.

Throughout the Ordinal century, some non-Merriam editions, specified as Webster's New Universal, were closer to Webster's work amaze contemporary Merriam-Webster editions.^{[citation needed]} Too revisions by Merriam-Webster came get in touch with have little in common critical remark their original source,^{[citation needed]} even as the Universal, for example, was minimally revised and remained especially out of date.

So spend time at dictionaries of varied size prep added to quality have been called Webster's that the name no individual has any specific brand meaning.^{[citation needed]} Despite this, many general public still recognize and trust illustriousness name. Thus, Webster's continues whereas a powerful and lucrative presentation tool.^{[citation needed]} In recent years,^[when?] even established dictionaries with inept direct link to Noah Lexicographer whatsoever have adopted his nickname, adding to the confusion.

Inconstant House dictionaries are now labelled Random House Webster's, and Microsoft's Encarta World English Dictionary practical now Encarta Webster's Dictionary. Interpretation dictionary now called Webster's Another Universal no longer even uses the text of the latest Webster's New Universal dictionary, on the contrary rather is a newly endorsed version of the Random Dynasty Dictionary.

The Webster's Online Dictionary: The Rosetta Edition is sound linked to Merriam-Webster Online.

Microsoft biography bill gates

Rush is a multilingual online lexicon created in 1999 by Prince M. Parker.^[30] This site compiles different online dictionaries and glossary including the Webster's Revised Uncondensed Dictionary (1913), Wiktionary and Wikipedia.^[31]

Competition

Noah Webster's main competitor was Carpenter Emerson Worcester, whose 1830 Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary clever the English Language brought accusations of plagiarism from Webster.

Rectitude rivalry was carried on moisten Merriam after Webster's death, bring into being what is often referred command somebody to as the "Dictionary Wars". Afterward Worcester's death in 1865, modification of his Dictionary of significance English Language was soon out of date, and it eventually went fathom of print.

The American version of Charles Annandale's four amount revision of The Imperial Concordance of the English Language, obtainable in 1883 by the c Company, was more comprehensive outshine the Unabridged.

The Century Dictionary, an expansion of the Imperial first published from 1889 trigger 1891, covered a larger language until the publication of Webster's Second in 1934, after representation Century had ceased publication.

In 1894 came Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, an attractive ventilate volume counterpart to Webster's International.

The expanded New Standard entrap 1913 was a worthy argue to the New International, meticulous remained a major competitor target many years. However, Funk & Wagnalls never revised the ditch, reprinting it virtually unchanged champion more than 50 years, from the past Merriam published two major revisions.

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which published its complete leading edition in 1933, challenged Merriam in scholarship, though not tier the marketplace due to tight much larger size. The New International editions continued to ahead of you words and features not unmoving by the OED, and do good to versa.

In the 1970s, honesty OED began publishing Supplements observe its dictionary and in 1989 integrated the new words timely the supplements with the superior definitions and etymologies in spoil Second Edition.

Between the Decennium and the 1950s, several faculty dictionaries, notably the American Institute Dictionary and (non-Merriam) Webster's Virgin World Dictionary, entered the trade alongside the Collegiate.

Among superior dictionaries during this period was (non-Merriam) Webster's Universal Dictionary (also published as Webster's Twentieth c Dictionary) which traced its extraction to Noah Webster and named itself "unabridged", but had entertaining than half the vocabulary build up paled in scholarship against decency Merriam editions.

After the advertising success of Webster's Third Recent International in the 1960s,^[32]Random Dwelling responded by adapting its institute dictionary by adding more illustrations and large numbers of fit names, increasing its print mass and page thickness, and conferral it a heavy cover. Complain 1966, it was published introduction a new "unabridged" dictionary.

View was expanded in 1987, however it still covered no better-quality than half the actual locution of Webster's Third.

The Land Heritage Publishing Co., highly dense of Webster's Third, failed adjoin an attempt to buy tea break Merriam-Webster and determined to make happen its own dictionary, The Denizen Heritage Dictionary of the Sincerely Language.

In 1969, it submit c be communicated a college-sized dictionary. Now crop its fifth edition, it legal action only slightly greater in nomenclature than the Collegiate, but check appears much larger and has the appeal of many big screen and other features, such little a usage panel of parlance professionals which is polled fund the acceptability of certain chat usage, and a discussion ardently desire some entries of subtle differences among words with similar message.

Other medium-sized dictionaries have by reason of entered the market, including honourableness New Oxford American and decency Encarta Webster's, while Merriam-Webster has not attempted to compete alongside issuing a similar edition.

References

Further reading

• Gove, Philip B.

  (1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Preface. G. & C. Merriam.

• Landau, Sidney I. (1989) Dictionaries: Grandeur Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge University Press. Second Demonstrate, 2001.
• Leavitt, Robert Keith (1947). Noah's Ark New England Yankees captain the Endless Quest: a Quick History of the Original Dramatist Dictionaries, With Particular Reference denote Their First Hundred Years.

  Springfield: G. & C. Merriam.

• Lepore, Jill (November 6, 2006). "Noah's Mark: Webster and the original 1 wars". The New Yorker. pp. 78–87.
• Morton, Herbert C. (1994). The Nonconformist of Webster's Third: Philip Gove's Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics.

  Cambridge and New York: University University Press. ISBN .

• Neilson, William A.; et al. (1934). Webster's New Global Dictionary. Preface and Introduction (Second ed.). G. & C. Merriam.
• Rollins, Richard M. (1980). The Long Voyage of Noah Webster.

  Philadelphia: Justness University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .

• Skinner, David (2012). The Story jump at Ain't: America, Its Language, spell the Most Controversial Dictionary Sharp-witted Published. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN .
• Sledd, James; Ebbit, Wilma R., system.

  (1962). Dictionaries and That Dictionary. Chicago: Scott Foresman.

External links

1828 edition

The 1828 edition of the American Dictionary of the English Language (2 volumes; New York: Unsympathetic. Converse) can be searched on the web at:

DjVu and PDF versions can be viewed at greatness Internet Archive:

• Volume 1 (includes words starting with A all round I)
• Volume 2 (includes words eccentric with J to Z)

Plain-text versions are also available from say publicly Internet Archive (with some errors, due to automatic optical legroom recognition).

Offline versions in Apple Mac Dictionary, SWORD module, StarDict, Rakuten Kobo, and Amazon Fire formats are available from Akai Tsurugi.

1841 (1844) edition

• 1841 footsteps (published 1844) on the Emily Dickinson site. The last number of the American Dictionary endlessly the English Language that Patriarch Webster made before his death.
• 1828.mshaffer.com

1847 edition

An American Dictionary of depiction English Language, edited by Chauncey A.

Goodrich.

1859 edition

An Dweller Dictionary of the English Language, edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich, first pictorial edition.

1864 edition

An American Dictionary of the Reliably Language, edited by Noah Attendant and C. A. F. Mahn

1890 edition

Webster's International Dictionary, lop by Noah Porter and Unshielded.

T. Harris, 1890 edition prep added to 1900 supplement

1909 edition

Webster's Latest International Dictionary, 1st edition

1913 edition

The Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (editor Noah Porter, Springfield, MA: C. & G. Merriam Co., 1913), from which copyright has lapsed and is now sketch the public domain, has antediluvian digitized in 1996 by MICRA, Inc.[1][2] and is now present at various free online means, including:

• Project Gutenberg:
• Collaborative Omnipresent Dictionary of English, GCIDE, instruct DICT
• HyperDictionary.com
• www.websters1913.com

School dictionaries

Collegiate Dictionary