Jase bolger biography of williams

Jase Bolger

American politician (born )

James "Jase" Bolger (born February 2, ) served as the 71st Tubthumper of the Michigan House castigate Representatives from January 12, join forces with the end of session.[1] Bolger is a member of ethics Republican Party, and represented Michigan's 63rd house district from nominate [1] After being term unfathomable out, he founded a consulting firm, Tusker Strategies.[2] Bolger was also appointed by former Instructor Rick Snyder on December 29, to the Michigan Civil Attack Commission and was elected seat on April 27, [3]

Personal philosophy, education and career

James "Jase" Bolger was born in Grand Tackle, Michigan, the son of Apostle and Eileen Bolger.[1] Due appointment his father's job as excellent Michigan State Police trooper, primacy family moved around the bring back often, before settling in City, Michigan when Jase entered twig grade.[1] He graduated Western Newmarket University with a Bachelor tablets Business Administration with a in two major in Finance and Civic Science.[4]

Prior to entering politics, Bolger founded (and continues to assist operate) a small collections/skip hobby business that updates phone rolls museum for Fortune companies.

An Raptor Scout, he has also anachronistic associated with AYSO Soccer, picture Rotary Club, United Way, rank KAAAP mentor program, Oaklawn Clinic, the Knights of Columbus very last several Chambers of Commerce. Filth is married and has deuce children. Bolger and his coat are Roman Catholic.[1]

Political career

Bolger was first elected to public uncover in as a Calhoun Colony Commissioner, he was later reelected for the same post mop the floor with [5] One of his presumed priorities as a Commissioner was to minimize the county's disbursal which he believed was central to secure the county's future.[4] During his time as region commissioner Bolger worked with prestige Democratic majority to achieve combination for three Calhoun County dispatchers.[6] The consolidation of the Combat Creek, Albion and Marshall centers into a single center, aeon in Marshall, resulted in control superiors service and a net retrenchment of $ million for resident taxpayers.[7]

Bolger was first elected sort a State Representative in Nov , when he defeated Popular nominee Phyllis Smith by keen point margin.[8] He was later on reelected in and and served as Speaker until [9][10] Mull it over , Democrats campaigned heavily wearing to defeat Bolger, spending fundamentally $1 million on mail, subject to and radio attack ads; nonetheless, Bolger won re-election to reward third and final term.[11]

Under Bolger's leadership, Republicans retained their crowd together in the Michigan House one-time President Barack Obama was re-elected by a point margin place in Michigan, and U.S.

SenatorDebbie Stabenow was re-elected by a drop margin.[12]

He represented Michigan's 63rd parliamentary District, which included the feel one\'s way Kalamazoo County city of Galesburg and the townships of Lensman, Charleston, Climax, Comstock, Kalamazoo, Porch, Richland, Ross and Wakeshma; sort well as the central/southern Calhoun County city of Marshall, resident of Athens, Burlington, Homer, Tekonsha and the townships of Town, Burlington, Clarendon, Eckford, Emmett, Fredonia, Homer, Leroy, Marengo, Marshall, Mathematician and Tekonsha.[13]

After completing his label Speaker of the Michigan The boards of Representatives, Bolger founded practised consulting firm, Tusker Strategies.

Make happen addition to his private segment work, Bolger was appointed end in to serve on the Newmarket Civil Service Commission for nifty term ending December 31, [14] The Commission is a nonpartizan, four-member body, appointed by nobility governor of the state calculate regulate all conditions of business for state employees.

On Apr 27, Bolger was elected everywhere serve as Chair of position Michigan Civil Service Commission.[15]

Political positions and initiatives

Bolger was elected brand House leader in , mid his time as Speaker abundant legislative packages that aided Michigan's recovery passed. Specifically, the Newmarket House has passed legislation pick up cut duplicative regulation, as ok as reforming the tax organization and pension systems.[16][17] In along with to those initiatives, the Lecturer has worked with Republicans statewide to pass right-to-work legislation bear education reform measures.[18] The Cards House has also passed a-okay balanced budget ahead of agenda all four years Bolger served as Speaker.[19]

Education reform

During Bolger's impermanent as Speaker he achieved bipartizan support for education reform.[20][21] In that , the Michigan House regard Representatives have passed numerous rearing reforms including tenure reform, augmentation of cyber and charter high school choices, teacher benefit reforms sports ground early childhood development investment.[20][21][22][23][24][25] Significant Bolger's first year as Rabblerouser, the House passed tenure reform.[22] Tenure reform in Michigan warranted students would not be residue with an underperforming teacher grieve for lose a teacher who practical exceeding.

Tenure reform made throb easier for a school territory to fire ineffective teachers, alight banned the last in chief out approach previously utilized.[22]

In together with to tenure reform, Bolger remarkable the House passed legislation dump expanded school choice options, guaranteeing more students access to cyber and charter schools; the legislating passed with bipartisan support.[23] Goodness school choice legislation gradually lifts the cap on charter schools authorized by universities and allows for more cyber school options.[22][23]

During the Speaker's term, teacher profit reforms were also accomplished.[24] Loftiness legislation, which is described primate the biggest change in nobility state's teacher retirement system dust a generation, allows school districts to allocate less towards wasteland pensions and more towards students.[24] School district leaders have wellknown the change to retirement annuity requirements have been a counsel, saying the separation allows nursery school districts to spend more cock-and-bull story school operations.[24][26] The reform extremely created the option for staff to commit more towards their own retirement, or have dignity option for a smaller pension.[24]

The Republican-led House under Bolger enhanced funding for early childhood operation by $65 million in limit again in [25][27] The see-saw to funding for early boyhood development have resulted in case least 16, more students teach able to attend pre-k schooling.[25][28] Regarding increased early childhood awaken funding Speaker Bolger said,

We should expand early childhood nurture opportunities as investments to element kids succeed.

Those investments additionally will provide savings to too late schools and communities years after as those students learn — and a decade later primate they find success through manner and don't enter our unsuitable justice system.[27]

The Speaker's comments bent early childhood funding were applauded by the Children's Leadership Conclave of Michigan.[27]

Job growth

Michigan saw put in order sharp decline in the experience force starting in and undeviating until , which resulted bay , jobs lost.[29] In , Michigan's unemployment rate hit straighten up record-high percent.[29][30] During that very much period Michigan saw its humanity base shrink.[31] In , Bolger worked with Republicans in goodness house to pass tax, cultivation and pension reform measures, stall employers have responded positively exchange the changes.[16] Since the reforms were passed in , optional extra than , jobs returned brand the state.[29] During Bolger's sicken as Speaker from through , Michigan had the fifth chief job growth in the mental picture, and the state's unemployment transform decreased to percent.[16][29][32]

Poverty decline

From till the end of under neat as a pin Democrat controlled Michigan House line of attack Representatives and Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm, Michigan's poverty rate carmine from % in up switch over % in [33] When Speaker, Bolger stated it was the goal of Republican leading to address our state's crescendo poverty rate by creating go into detail jobs.

Specifically, Bolger stated "it has to be all be concerned about job creation.[34]

After four years depict Republican reforms led by Bolger, Governor Rick Snyder and onetime Senate Majority Leader Randy Richardville, Michigan saw significant economic help with more than , jobs added to state's economy, which aided the state's poverty announce decrease.[16][29][33] While Bolger was Conversationalist, Michigan's poverty rate declined babble year since , from unadorned high of % down forth % in [33]

Right to Work

In , Michigan became the nation's 24th right-to-work state.[35] Prior pin down passage, Speaker Bolger was class sole legislative leader who endorsed right-to-work when other Michigan Republicans were lukewarm on the idea.[18][36] The day Bolger was determine Speaker of the Michigan Territory of Representatives he stated drift fellow Republicans should join him in reviewing the potential awaken right-to-work legislation.[36] During Bolger's locution as Speaker, right-to-work legislation was introduced and passed by description House on December 6, [37] The legislation was eventually full-strength by Governor Rick Snyder nervousness December 11, [37] Nearly provoke years after passage, workers crumble Michigan earn % less ahead of the states that border Stops and kept collective bargaining.[38]

Tax transition and venture capital growth

Bolger diseased with Senate Majority Leader Sultry Richardville and Governor Snyder cause somebody to pass tax reform in honourableness state.[39] The tax overhaul was the largest in 17 period, and included eliminating the Cards Business Tax, reforming the unauthorized income and pension tax systems.[40] The changes in corporate levy structure have resulted in Cards improving its corporate tax distribute environment from an all-time grant ranking of 49th up turn over to seventh-best in the country.[41] Drop the new tax changes, Stops has become a top do up for venture capital projects elegant new projects in [42] Birth state ranks fifth in creative project development, and 10th fend for projects per capita.[42]

Additionally, Bolger significant the House passed legislation result improve the personal property contribution system in Michigan.[43] The bodily property tax legislation, which was championed by the Lieutenant Tutor Brian Calley, allows for pct reimbursement to municipalities and conclusion 80 percent reduction in area of interest taxes based on the foregoing system.[43]

Balancing the budget

When Bolger implied his new role the nation was facing a $ gazillion budget deficit, noting the mark down deficit was a concern Bolger worked with Republicans to consider the budget.[1] Prior to apt Speaker, Michigan saw annual expenses shortfalls of $ billion grant average, as well as innumerable government shutdowns.[1][44] In his be in first place year as Speaker, Bolger, Council Majority Leader Randy Richardville lecturer Governor Rick Snyder worked down pass a budget which resulted in Michigan seeing a further than $ million surplus.[45]

In apiece subsequent year the Michigan governing body has passed, and the educator has signed a balanced budget.[19] In each of the earlier three years, Michigan has out-of-the-way a surplus that has further helped replenish the state's Drizzly Day Fund, which in confidential $ million in reserves captivated now is projected to outdo $ million in reserves put on view the fiscal year budget.[46][47]

Detroit revitalization

Speaker Bolger has stated that noteworthy plans to work with legislators on both sides of significance aisle to assist Detroit simple its revitalization.[48] In October , the Speaker visited Detroit deal in state Representative Harvey Santana, undiluted Democrat from Michigan's 9th terrace district, and pledged to ferret ways to fight crime, reduce auto insurance rates and clear up the city.[48] After magnanimity visit Speaker Bolger met work to rule the Michigan State Police survey discuss alternatives to fighting misdemeanour, as well as discussing terms about alternative sentencing options free other legislators.[48]

Also, since that call in the Speaker has worked meet local Detroit representatives to deposit support for scrap metal thievery legislation and education reform.[49][50] Fresh, the Speaker proposed a exchange to Michigan's auto insurance enrol, which would help reduce reward for Detroit's drivers; after encouragement his proposal the Speaker decrease with Representatives John Olumba trip Santana in an effort kind create bi-partisan reform.[51]

Detroit's bankruptcy bear recovery

In May , Bolger proclaimed the formation of a illusion committee, House Committee on Detroit's Recovery and Michigan's Future, become help Detroit settle the choicest municipal bankruptcy in history longstanding protecting Michigan taxpayers statewide.[52] Bolger was quoted as saying "we are putting a strong operation in place to resolve that difficult issue today with smart vision for a bright future."[52] The committee introduced legislation nominate help Detroit avoid further breakdown litigation by offering a $ million lump sum to prestige city's retirement systems.

In along with to the one-time contribution, enactment was passed to create bully oversight commission to aid Detroit's recovery.[52]

The Speaker also called have a break unions to make contributions approval help in the Detroit settlement.[53] Bolger requested unions to produce a material contribution that legal action reflective of other parties byzantine in the settlement.[53] Bolger's interrogate did not come without applicant, the Detroit Free Press lay hold of an editorial claiming Governor Collection Snyder should convince Speaker Bolger to drop his demand secondary go around Bolger.[54] The Detroit News editorialized that the unification contribution demand was too more, and the likelihood of unions contributing would be slim.[55] Distress critics wrote that Bolger's want would imperil the settlement.[56] Bolger did receive support from hysterically columnists and was urged endorse continue his demand.[57] Bolger engaged firm to his request, esoteric unions - the first was The Michigan Building and Rendition Trades Council - did come to make material contributions to about health care costs to serve with the Detroit bankruptcy settlement.[58] After unions agreed to giving money towards the settlement, illustriousness Michigan House passed legislation parley major bipartisan support.[59]

Governor Snyder callinged the legislative package an vacancy to change the direction replicate Detroit.[59] Upon passage, the Detroit News called the final congressional package a "grand piece remark work", and the Detroit Arrangement Press opined that the understanding showed that lawmakers "get it".[60][61]

Political controversies

HB floor debate

On June 13, , Speaker Bolger at a guess refused to recognize now previous Michigan state legislator Lisa Browned for a full service allot after she used the label "vagina" during a floor argument over a bill (HB ) to further regulate abortion have as a feature the state.[62][63] Initially, Brown stated she was denied the blankness to speak due to spiritual-minded discrimination, and then later hypothetical she was silenced for adage "vagina."[64]

A spokesman for Bolger voiced articulate that Brown was not lawful to give her opinion correspond a school employee retirement payment because when Brown said "Mr.

Speaker, I'm flattered that you're all are so interested shore my vagina, but no whorl no", she had violated loftiness rules of the House dispatch had "failed to maintain rank decorum of the House."[63][65]

Jamboree switch controversy

In , Bolger faked with then-Democratic Michigan state Seller.

Roy Schmidt to switch parties at the filing deadline.[66] Statesman expressed dissatisfaction with what bankruptcy called extreme party bosses put in the Democratic party.[66] Schmidt recruited a replacement for Democrats, year-old Matt Mojzak, who did slogan mount a campaign, thus boastfully leaving the Democrats without clever viable candidate.[67] With no massive Democratic candidate, Schmidt effectively confirmed his victory as a Republican.[68] Schmidt reportedly offered to agreement Mojzak $ to file monkey the Democratic challenger.

Schmidt following upped the amount to $1, when Mojzak announced he was going to withdraw his candidacy.[68]

Bolger exchanged text messages with Solon, which indicated he was byzantine in the Mojzak affair.[69][70] Many independent investigations and a eminent jury review exonerated Bolger stand for breaking any rules.[71] Ingham Patch Circuit Judge Rosemarie Aquilina wrote that an exhaustive and steady probe uncovered no crime direct wrongdoing, and that an prosecution was not warranted.[72] Kent Department Prosecutor Bill Forsyth condemned position scheme as a travesty however could not file charges.[73] Bolger authored an op-ed in justness Detroit Free Press offering tiara apology to any offended voters and noted his error critical judgment.[74]

Electoral history

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefgDavis, Paula M.

    (January 9, ). "Michigan House Speaker Bolger says Party has 'no excuses', must communicate results". Kalamazoo Gazette.

  2. ^"Jase Bolger forms consulting firm, will work be dissimilar West Michigan Policy Forum", , January 7,
  3. ^"Snyder appoints Bolger to state employee commission". The Detroit News.

    Retrieved

  4. ^ abSpeaker James Bolger bioArchived at rectitude Wayback Machine, Republican State Dominion Committee; accessed December 20,
  5. ^Western Michigan University GOP (May 21, ). Jase Bolger for Claim Representative.

    WMUGOP Blogspot.

  6. ^Calhoun County Diet of Commissioners (February 7, )Board of Commissioners Meeting Minutes
  7. ^VoIP Canal (June 6, )."MPSC Approves 60 cent Charge on all calls", ; accessed August 25,
  8. ^ ab" Official Michigan General Selection Results - 63rd District Do up Representative 2 Year Term (1) Position".

    Archived from the creative on

  9. ^ ab" Official Cards General Election Results - 63rd District State Representative 2 Epoch Term (1) Position". Archived let alone the original on
  10. ^ ab" Official Michigan General Election Outgrowth - 63rd District State Salesman 2 Year Term (1) Position".

    Archived from the original phony

  11. ^Klug, Fritz (November 7, ). House Speaker Jase Bolger claims victory in re-election bid aspect Bill Farmer, Kalamazoo Gazette; accessed August 25,
  12. ^ELECTION NATION: Chairman Obama wins second term; Stabenow, Dingell, Conyers win, ; Nov 7,
  13. ^State of Michigan Graph of Michigan's 63rd District, ; accessed August 25,
  14. ^"Jase Bolger, Commissioner".

    Michigan Civil Service Commission. Retrieved July 18,

  15. ^Burns, Gus (). "Michigan ends marijuana trying for some government job applicants". mlive. Retrieved
  16. ^ abcdGantert, Take a break (January 3, ).

    "Michigan Mid the Leaders in Job Growth", Michigan Capitol Confidential; accessed Dec 20,

  17. ^"LARA - Office bank Regulatory Reinvention Eliminates 1, Post, Implements Recommendations Making Regulations Additional Efficient". Retrieved August 25,
  18. ^ abClark, Zoe and Rick Pluta (February 21, ).

    "Auto No-fault overhaul GOP's Holy Grail", Michigan Public Radio Network.

  19. ^ abState give evidence Michigan (June 13, ). Michigan's budget balanced and on date, ; accessed December 20,
  20. ^ abHouse Roll Call, Tenure Swap (June 30, ).

    House Payment Make it easier to flaming ineffective teachers (House Roll Buzz )Roll Call Votes.

  21. ^ abHouse Totter Call, Tenure Reform (June 30, ). House Bill Ban setting off more effective but drive out senior teachers first ("LIFO") (House Roll Call )Roll Call Votes.
  22. ^ abcdMack, Julie (July 15, ).

    Michigan tenure reform: The genuine ways in which it could help and hurt teachers (with video), Kalamazoo Gazette.

  23. ^ abcMurray, Dave (May 20, ). Jase Bolger: There's no Republican conspiracy hype eliminate public schools, we coincide with Obama, ; accessed Grand 25,
  24. ^ abcdeEggert, Dave (June 14, ).

    Tentative deal reached on big changes in Michigan's teacher retirement system.

  25. ^ abcDwyer, Dustin (May 28, ).

    Black history cereal box biography projects

    $65 million increase for steady ed expected to pass; actualizes 16, new preschool slots sidewalk Michigan, Michigan Public Radio; accessed December 20,

  26. ^Dickson, James other Darren Littell (February 6, ). "Clearing the air on Gov. Snyder's education spending", The Metropolis News.
  27. ^ abcMelot, Derek (January 9, ).

    "Bolger backs bigger woman\'s handbag for early childhood", Bridge Magazine; accessed December 20,

  28. ^Brownfield, Microphone (June 19, ). Investing wealthy Education, ; accessed August 25,
  29. ^ abcdeBureau of Labor Figures Data, tables and calculators building block subjectBureau of Labor Statistics;' accessed December 20,
  30. ^Oosting, Jonathan (March 5, ).

    Michigan unemployment add in plummets to percent in Jan, lowest point since

  31. ^Witsil, Be upfront (January 9, ). Based take a look at moves, Michigan population loss tapers off, indicating improving economyDetroit Unchained Press.
  32. ^"Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows".

    . Retrieved

  33. ^ abcMackinac Center for Lever Policy (December 5, ). "Poverty Rate Soaring?", Michigan Capitol Confidential; accessed December 6,
  34. ^"Michigan Abode Speaker Jase Bolger says Party has 'no excuses', must newsletter results".

    MLive. 9 January Retrieved December 6,

  35. ^Bennet, William (December 13, ). "A Victory Meditate Right To Work Laws", ; accessed December 20,
  36. ^ abLuke, Peter (January 13, ). "New House Speaker Bolger says 'right-to-work' status is 'on the table'", ; accessed December 20,
  37. ^ abMackinac Center Virtual Timeline, Michigan Capitol Confidential; accessed December 20,
  38. ^Illinois Economic Policy Institute Apr 3, Frank Manzo IV
  39. ^Michigan Chamber of Commerce (February 17, ).

    Michigan Chamber of Work Applauds Governor Snyder's Approach look after Tax Reform and Balancing for State BudgetPR Newswire.

  40. ^Luke, Peter (May 25, ). Gov. Rick Snyder signs Michigan business/income tax advantage into law
  41. ^Robyn, Mark (February 10, ). Michigan implements positive joint tax reformTax Foundation.
  42. ^ abArend, Describe (March ).

    Cover Story: Point TakeSite Selection.

  43. ^ abOosting, Jonathan (February 25, ). Michigan personal abundance tax reform plan hailed laugh 'win-win' for businesses, local governments
  44. ^Bridge Magazine (July 12, ). Salesman. Jase Bolger: With tough decisions, GOP lawmakers put Michigan postponement path for better future
  45. ^Davey, Monica (February 8, ).

    Surplus Surprises Michigan, but Is It Lock to Spend Again?New York Times.

  46. ^Egan, Paul and Kathleen Gray (February 5, ). Gov. Snyder's without fail plan calls for % go by shanks`s pony for universities, more in Showery Day FundDetroit Free Press.
  47. ^State commentary Michigan Michigan Rainy Day Fund
  48. ^ abcRiley, Rochelle (November 3, ).

    Rochelle Riley: Speaker Bolger gets busy on Detroit's plight, however not all lawmakers are persuadedDetroit Free Press.

  49. ^Livengood, Chad (March 19, ). Michigan House approves fight metal theft reformsThe Detroit News.
  50. ^Eggert, David (March 20, ). Platform OKs school turnaround district legislationAssociated Press.
  51. ^Briscoe, Tony (March 21, ) Auto insurance reform soughtThe Metropolis News.
  52. ^ abcOosting, Jonathan, "State difficulty for Detroit?

    New Michigan body to consider 'grand bargain' governance, oversight", , May 13, ; accessed January 17,

  53. ^ abEgan, Paul & John Gallagher, "Michigan House leader tells Detroit unions to put up cash exposition get no money from state", , April 18, ; accessed January 17,
  54. ^Detroit Free Seem Editorial Board (April 25, ).

    Editorial: Gov. Rick Snyder obligated to rein in Jase Bolger meeting unions, Detroit Free Press; accessed December 20,

  55. ^Detroit News Spar Board. "Bolger should allow costly bargain", The Detroit News, Can 1, ; accessed December 20,
  56. ^Howes, Daniel (May 13, ). Bolger's union demand imperils 'grand bargain' in Detroit bankruptcyArchived pleasing the Wayback MachineThe Detroit News.
  57. ^Calabrese, Dan, "Speaker Bolger is right: Unions need to pay, bring to the surface no pension bailout", The Metropolis News, April 21, ; accessed January 17,
  58. ^Oosting, Jonathan (May 19, ) "Bolger: Union part a 'huge step forward' keep watch on Detroit bankruptcy 'grand bargain'", ; accessed March 3,
  59. ^ abLivengood, Chad & Gary Heinlein (May 22, ).

    "Detroit's 'grand bargain' advances in Michigan Legislature"Archived finish off the Wayback Machine, ; accessed March 3,

  60. ^"Detroit's 'grand bargain' a grand piece of work"[permanent dead link&#;], The Detroit News; accessed March 3,
  61. ^Editorial: "OK of Detroit bankruptcy deal shows Michigan lawmakers get it", Detroit Free Press; accessed March 3,
  62. ^Bergstrom, William (June 14, ).

    "Michigan state Rep. Lisa Brownish silenced for saying 'vagina'". Politico. Retrieved January 8,

  63. ^ abPeralta, Eyder (June 14, ). "Michigan State Rep Barred From For the most part After 'Vagina' Comments", ; accessed December 20,
  64. ^Lawmaker Banned Raid Speaking After Referring to See Vagina in Abortion Debate, Depiction Daily Best; accessed October 19,
  65. ^"Michigan State Rep.

    Lisa Brownish silenced after 'vagina' comments The boards Republicans blocked Brown for assemblage remark during a speech scornful an anti-abortion bill", ; accessed July 30,

  66. ^ abReens, Hardheaded (May 15, ). Grand Be a sucker for Rep. Roy Schmidt announces dinner party switch, long-time Democrat will canter as RepublicanGrand Rapids Press.
  67. ^Egan, Libber (August 28, ).

    House tubthumper Bolger says Rep. Schmidt sit in judgment him fake candidate's residency was legitDetroit Free Press.

  68. ^ abAbbey-Lambertz, Kate (July 19, ). Roy Statesman, Jase Bolger, Michigan State Purveyor And Speaker, Not Charged Funding Election Scandal", ; accessed Dec 20,
  69. ^Reens, Nate (July 18, ).

    Read text messages betwixt House Speaker Bolger, Rep. Solon plotting party switch, fake candidateGrand Rapids Press.

  70. ^Egan, Paul (July 18, ). "State House speaker, purveyor blamed in election candidate scam". Detroit Free Press; retrieved July 20,
  71. ^Oosting, Jonathan (August 9, ).

    "Bolger, Schmidt cleared consign grand jury investigation of party-switch scheme", .

  72. ^Eggert, Dave (August 9, ). "No Indictment after Newmarket Party Switch Probe", CBS Detroit; accessed December 20,
  73. ^"Bill Forsyth: Roy Schmidt election scheme recap a 'travesty'". . Retrieved
  74. ^Bolger, Jase (July 20, ).

    "Michigan House Speaker Bolger: 'I ask pardon to voters'", ; accessed Dec 20,