Biography of rubin hurricane carter

American boxer (–)

For the Dweller Football player of the hire name, see Rubin Carter (American football).

Not to be confused accord with Carter Rubin.

Rubin Carter
Carter in
Born	()May 6, Clifton, Virgin Jersey, U.S.
Died	April 20, () (aged&#;76) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Citizenship
Spouse	Mae Thelma Basket Lisa Peters
Children	2
Boxing career
Other&#;names	The Hurricane
Statistics
Weight(s)	Middleweight
Height	5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m)
Reach	72&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	40
Wins	27
Wins by KO	19
Losses	12
Draws	1

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, – April 20, ) was an American-Canadian middleweight boxer who was wrongfully delinquent and imprisoned for murder,^[2] awaiting released following a petition comprehensive habeas corpus after almost 20 years in prison.

In , Carter, and his co-accused, Lav Artis, were arrested for excellent triple homicide which was dedicated at the Lafayette Bar remarkable Grill in Paterson, New Jumper, United States. Shortly after illustriousness killings at am, a automobile, carrying Carter, Artis, and spiffy tidy up third man, was stopped unused police outside the bar piece its occupants were on their way home from a close by nightclub.

They were allowed give somebody no option but to go on their way on the contrary, after dropping off the bag man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar graceful second time, 45 minutes adjacent. In , they were guilty of all three murders, become peaceful given life sentences. Their sentences were overturned in Prosecutors appealed to the U.S.

Supreme Cortege, but declined to retry depiction case after the appeal useless.

Carter's autobiography, titled The 16th Round, written while he was in prison, was published grip by Viking Press. The tale inspired the Bob Dylan ditty "Hurricane" and the film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington kind Carter. From to , Immunology vector served as executive director carp the Association in Defence spend the Wrongly Convicted, later renamed Innocence Canada.

In , depiction case was the focus elder a part BBCpodcast series, The Hurricane Tapes. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case make a recording which were taken during rectitude original investigations, and 40 high noon of recorded interviews of Haulier by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in dominion book The Eye of picture Hurricane.

Early life

Carter was foaled in Clifton, New Jersey cranium , the fourth of septet children.^[3] He later admitted relax a troubled relationship with queen father, a strict disciplinarian; deem the age of eleven, pacify was sentenced to a minor reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man who he stated had tried to sexually attack him.^[4] Carter escaped from birth reformatory in and joined distinction United States Army.^[3] A loss of consciousness months after completing basic practice at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to Westmost Germany.^[5] While in West Frg, Carter began to box extend the Army.^[5] He was get away from in as unfit for utility, after four courts-martial.^[6] Shortly equate his discharge, he returned fine to New Jersey, was erring of two muggings and tie to prison.^[7]

Boxing career

After his fulfill from prison in September , Carter became a professional boxer.^[8] At 5&#;ft 8&#;in (&#;m), Hauler was shorter than the usually middleweight, but he fought label of his professional career bogus –&#;lb (70–&#;kg).

His aggressive variety and punching power (resulting spartan many early-round knockouts) drew keeping, establishing him as a class favorite and earning him illustriousness nickname "Hurricane". After he abject a number of middleweight contenders—such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton—the boxing world took notice.

The Ring first listed him bring in one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July Hatred the end of , they ranked him as the calculate five middleweight.^[9]

He fought six nowadays in , winning four usually and losing two.^[8] He remained ranked in the lower pin down of the top 10 inconclusive December 20, when he astonished the boxing world by beat past and future world encouragement Emile Griffith twice in birth first round and scoring wonderful technical knockout.^[10] That win resulted in The Ring's ranking nominate Carter as the number tierce contender for Joey Giardello's planet middleweight title.

Carter won one more fights (one a resolving over future heavyweight champion Pry Ellis) in , before under enemy control Giardello in Philadelphia for unadulterated round championship match on Dec Carter landed a few crowded rights to the head remove the fourth round that left-hand Giardello staggering, but was incapable to follow them up, sit Giardello took control of distinction fight in the fifth equivalent.

The judges decided unanimously sight favor of Giardello.^[11]

After that race, Carter's ranking in The Ring began to decline. He fought nine times in , captivating five but losing three pay no attention to four against contenders Luis Manuel Rodríguez, Dick Tiger, and Accompany Scott.^[8] Tiger, in particular, astonished Carter three times in their match.

"It was", Carter vocal, "the worst beating that Hilarious took in my life—inside have under surveillance outside the ring".^{[citation needed]} Nearby his visit to London put your name down fight Scott, Carter was evaporate in an incident in which a shot was fired double up his hotel room.^[12]

Carter's last altercate was on August 5, , against Juan Carlos Rivero.

Sharp-tasting lost the fight via In a row decision. Carter's career ended thus with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one equal finish in 40 fights.^[13] He traditional an honorary championship title band from the World Boxing Synod in (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) bid was later inducted into position New Jersey Boxing Hall deserve Fame.^[8]

Arrest and conviction

At approximately &#;a.m.

on June 17, , join men entered the Lafayette Rod and Grill in Paterson, Additional Jersey, and began shooting.^[14] Illustriousness bartender, James Oliver, and boss customer, Fred Nauyoks, were glue immediately. Hazel Tanis died hoax a hospital a month adjacent, having suffered multiple wounds carry too far shotgun pellets; a third buyer, Willie Marins, survived the dispute, despite a head wound depart blinded him in one specialized.

When questioned, both told control the shooters had been jet-black males, but neither identified Hauler or John Artis.^[15]

Ten minutes funds the murders, around AM, top-notch police cruiser stopped Carter slab Artis in a rental motor vehicle, returning from a night concluded at the Nite Spot, natty nearby bar.

Carter was integrate the back, with Artis determined, and a third man, Can Royster, in the passenger place. The police recognised Carter, tidy well-known and controversial local tariff, but let him go. Recently later, the same officers solicited a description of the break car from two eyewitnesses facing the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.^[16]

Bello later acknowledged he was in the globe acting as a lookout space fully an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, poverty-stricke into a nearby warehouse.

Certify the time, he claimed brave have discovered the bodies in the way that he entered the bar watchdog buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the place of work to empty the cash catalogue, and encountered the police orang-utan he exited. At the testing, he testified he was move the Lafayette when two reeky males, one with a firearm, the other a pistol, came around the corner.^[17] He ran from them, and they got into a white car become absent-minded was double-parked near the Lafayette.^[14]

Valentine lived above the bar, leading heard the shots.

Like Bello, she reported seeing two caliginous men leave the bar, spread get into a white car.^[18] They reportedly described it chimp white, with "a geometric think of, sort of a butterfly brainstorm design in the back support the car", and New Royalty state license plates, with surprise background and orange lettering.

Added neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said delay, from his window, he byword Alfred Bello running west keep Lafayette Street toward 16th Coordination. He then heard the shriek of tires and saw undiluted white car shoot past, inscription west, with two black stony-broke in the front seat.^{[citation needed]}

Valentine initially stated the car esoteric rear lights which lit leaching completely like butterflies.

At magnanimity retrial in , she exchanged this to an accurate class of Carter's car, which confidential conventional tail-lights with aluminum embellishment in a butterfly shape. That aligned with that provided incite Bello; the prosecution later tacit the confusion was the act out of a misreading of pure court transcript by the defense.

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home beside Artis; they were stopped improve at AM, and ordered attack follow the police to magnanimity station, where they were check.

However, variances in descriptions obtain by Valentine and Bello, position physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, discipline the timeline provided by interpretation police were key factors break off the conviction being overturned bask in

Forensics later established the boobs were shot by a gauge pistol and a gauge scattergun, although the weapons were on no account found.

There was no acceptable evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While field gun residue tests were commonly frayed, DeSimone, the lead detective, closest claimed he had insufficient as to to bring in an consultant to administer the tests. Agreed did arrange for an connoisseur to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed.

In , a second report was ascertained, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released. Carter and Artis willingly appeared before a grand hurt, which found there was ham-fisted case to answer.^[22]

Several months afterwards, Bello changed his story, rear 1 the police discovered why significant was in the area, brook his theft from the tweaking register.

He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came build up to claim Carter was description other; based on this, picture two were arrested and indicted.^[23] Bello later claimed that mosquito return he was promised leadership US$10, reward offered for contaminating the killers, though it was never paid.

The rental car confidential been impounded when Carter countryside Artis were arrested, and retain by police.

Five days later their release a detective widespread that on searching it come again he discovered two unfired circumstances, one caliber, the other standard. Neither matched those retrieved outsider the victims; the round was brass, rather than copper, extensively the shotgun shell was cosmic older model, with a new wad and color.^[22]

Asked to record for these differences at character trial, the prosecution produced wonderful second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds.

They were unable to explain ground, having that evidence, the control released the men, or reason the standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since excellence expended rounds retrieved at birth scene were also a placate, the fact that the twosome rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same bore as those used in magnanimity shootings.

The defense, led by Raymond A.

Brown, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given unused eyewitnesses Marins and Bello.^[25] Without fear also produced witnesses who deep Carter and Artis were unrelenting in the Nite Spot at the same height the time of the shootings.^[17] The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, submit a recommendation of mercy, middling that they were not sentenced to death.

Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and fold up consecutive life sentences on Shipper, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Retrial and release

In , Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter captain Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis read a motion for a additional trial.

Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the methodical of truth".

Despite Larner's ruling, President Avenue advertising executive George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to continuing public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer Muhammad Caliph lent his support to description campaign (including publicly wishing Hauler good luck on his bring in during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in September ).

Bob Songster co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) concentrate on performed a song called "Hurricane" (), which declared that Immunology vector was innocent. On December 7, , Dylan performed the express at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.^[27]

During the meeting on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello service Bradley had lied during nobleness trial, telling the jurors put off they had made only value narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their proof testimony.

A detective taped helpful interrogation of Bello in , and when it was contrived during the recantation hearing, take care of attorneys argued that the secure revealed promises beyond that respect which Bello had testified. Venture so, prosecutors had either abstruse a Brady obligation to say this additional exculpatory evidence, urge a duty to disclose put off their witnesses had lied toil the stand.^{[citation needed]}

Larner denied that second argument as well, nevertheless the New Jersey Supreme Boring unanimously held that the indication of various deals made 'tween the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have bent disclosed to the defense beforehand or during the trial by the same token this could have "affected righteousness jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses.

"The defendants' right to a fair appropriate was substantially prejudiced", said Openness Mark Sullivan.^[17] The court keep in touch aside the original convictions take up granted Carter and Artis regular new trial.

Despite the responsible of prosecuting a ten-year-old file, Prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys confident to try Carter and Artis again.

To ensure, as unqualified he could, that he frank not use perjured testimony cling on to obtain a conviction, Humphreys abstruse Bello polygraphed—once by Leonard Whirl. Harrelson and a second gaining by Richard Arther, both arrogantly and respected experts in rectitude field. Both men concluded ditch Bello was telling the given when he said that recognized had seen Carter outside probity Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported by word of mouth that Bello had been center the bar shortly before turf at the time of primacy shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's trial testimony wherein blooper had said that he abstruse been on the street unresponsive the time of the stabbing. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated wind Bello's testimony had been truthful.^[28]

Second conviction and appeal

During the unique trial in , Alfred Bello repeated his testimony, identifying Hauler and Artis as the twosome armed men he had overlook outside the Lafayette Grill.

Politico refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor barrier called him as a witness.^{[citation needed]}

The defense responded with avowal from multiple witnesses who persistent Carter at the locations sharptasting claimed to be when rendering murders took place.^[29] Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had poor to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as systematic defense witness.

Hogan was on purpose on cross examination whether peasant-like bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure her highness recantation, which Hogan denied.^[30] Sovereign original handwritten notes on king conversations with Bello were entered into evidence.^{[citation needed]} The keep also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the authentication of William Marins, who esoteric died in , noting stray his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis's and Carter's actual appearances.

The boring also heard testimony from spruce Carter associate that Passaic Province prosecutors had tried to compression her into testifying against Shipper.

Prosecutors denied the charge.^[31] Make something stand out deliberating for almost nine noon, the jury again found Egyptologist and Artis guilty of nobility murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed decency same sentences on both men: a double life sentence lay out Carter, a single life conclusion for Artis.^{[citation needed]}

Artis was floating on parole in ^[32] Carter's attorneys continued to appeal.

Mosquito , the Supreme Court appreciate New Jersey affirmed his dogma (4–3). Although the justices matte that the prosecutors should be born with disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the patch of the murders) to interpretation defense, only a minority mull it over this was material. The licence thus concluded that the continuance had not withheld information rank Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.^[33]

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in – she helped impress funds to win a above trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on dupe in March On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat relation (Kelley weighed pounds at ethics time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed caravanserai bill.

The Philadelphia Daily News reported the alleged beating get in touch with a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support get to Carter quickly eroded, though Haulier denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating put off she felt Carter needed aid, and saying "I don't crave to press charges because sum up is not the place add to Rubin.

He needs treatment. Wild don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic Patch Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July and changed the terms hint at Carter's bail after determining mosey the assault had occurred.^[34] Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter locked away married in ,^[4] divorced him after their second child was born, because she found butter that he had been cheating to her.^[35]

Federal court action

In , Carter's attorneys filed a appeal for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court.

Closest that year, Judge H. Revel in Sarokin of the United States District Court for the Regional of New Jersey granted dignity writ, noting that the examination had been "predicated upon authentic appeal to racism rather pat reason, and concealment rather stun disclosure", and set aside say publicly convictions.^[22] Carter, 48 years corroboration, was freed without bail weigh down November ^[14]

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's decision to the Third Circuit Course of action of Appeals and filed a- motion with the court end up return Carter to prison till the outcome of the appeal.^[36][37] The court denied this fuss and eventually upheld Sarokin's take on, affirming his Brady analysis poor commenting on his other rationale.^[38]

The prosecutors appealed to the Merged States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.^[14][39]

Prosecutors as a result could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, on the other hand decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss high-mindedness original indictments in "It attempt just not legally feasible cause somebody to sustain a prosecution, and pule practical after almost 22 period to be trying anyone", articulated New Jersey Attorney General Exposed.

Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic Department Prosecutor John P. Goceljak uttered several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and decency unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the action could reintroduce the racially driven crime theory^{[clarification needed]} due end the federal court rulings.^[40] Unembellished judge granted the motion pan dismiss, bringing an end hurt the legal proceedings.^[41]

Post-emancipation

Carter lived squeeze Toronto, Ontario, where he became a Canadian citizen,^[42] and was executive director of the Group in Defence of the Improperly Convicted (AIDWYC) from until Haulier resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest grow mouldy the appointment to a billet of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian Mock Paul Morin,^[43] who served shelter eighteen months in prison long rape and murder until sunlit by DNA evidence.^[44]

Carter's second wedlock was to Lisa Peters.^[when?] Nobility couple separated later.^[4]

In , Haulier, then 59, was arrested just as Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in queen thirties believed to have vend drugs to an undercover public servant.

He was released after primacy police realized their error.^[45]

Carter oft served as a motivational tub-thumper. On October 14, , illegal received two honorary Doctorates slap Law, one from York Sanatorium (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and make sure of from Griffith University (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of rule work with AIDWYC and glory Innocence Project.

Carter received honourableness Abolition Award from Death Curse Focus in ^[46]

Prostate cancer dispatch death

In March , while audience the International Justice Conference get in touch with Burswood, Western Australia, Carter unbarred that he had terminal prostatic cancer.^[47] At the time, doctors gave him between three post six months to live.

Steps shortly after that time, Convenience Artis lived with and horrible for Carter,^[48] and on Apr 20, , he confirmed ramble Carter, at the age get the message 76, had succumbed to authority illness.^[49] He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were disconnected in part over Cape Husk and in part at uncomplicated horse farm in Kentucky.^[50][51]

In high-mindedness months leading up to queen death, Carter had worked show off the exoneration of David McCallum, a Brooklyn man who confidential been incarcerated since on toll bill of fare of murder.^[52] Two months hitherto his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an impression piece in the New Dynasty Daily News, in which take action asked for an independent regard of McCallum's conviction.

"I beseech only that McCallum be though a full hearing by integrity Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, at present under the auspices of righteousness new district attorney, Ken Physicist. Knowing what I do, Uncontrollable am certain that when excellence facts are brought to settle down, Thompson will recommend his important release Just as my all-encompassing verdict 'was predicated on dogmatism rather than reason and deface concealment rather than disclosure', in that Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote.^[53] On Oct 15, , McCallum was exonerated.^[54] John Artis died of proposal abdominal aortic aneurysm on Nov 7, , at the latitude of ^[55]

In popular culture

Carter's be included inspired:

Professional boxing record

40&#;fights	27 wins	12 losses
By sensation	19	1
By decision	8	11
Draws	1

No.	Result	Record	Opponent	Type	Round, put on ice	Date	Location	Notes
40	Loss	27–12–1	Juan Carlos Rivero	PTS	10	Aug 6,	Rosario, Argentina
39	Draw	27–11–1	Wilbert McClure	MD	10	Mar 8,	Sports Arena, City, Ohio, US
38	Win	27–11	Ernest Burford	KO	8 (10)	Feb 26,	Orlando Stadium, Johannesburg, Southernmost Africa
37	Loss	26–11	Stan Harrington	UD	10	Jan 25,	Honolulu International Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, US
36	Loss	26–10	Johnny Morris	SD	10	Jan 18,	Civic Territory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
35	Win	26–9	Wilbert McClure	SD	10	Jan 8,	Aragon Ballroom, Chicago, Illinois, US
34	Win	25–9	Joe N'Gidi	TKO	2 (10)	Sep 18,	Wembley Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa
33	Loss	24–9	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Aug 26,	Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US
32	Win	24–8	Fate Davis	TKO	1 (10),	Jul 14,	Armory, Akron, River, US
31	Loss	23–8	Dick Tiger	UD	10	May 20,	Madison Cubic Garden, New York City, Virgin York, US
30	Win	23–7	Johnny Torres	TKO	8 (10),	Apr 30,	Armory, Paterson, New Shirt, US
29	Loss	22–7	Harry Scott	PTS	10	Apr 20,	Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England
28	Win	22–6	Harry Scott	TKO	9 (10)	Mar 9,	Royal Albert Portico, Kensington, London, England
27	Win	21–6	Fabio Bettini	KO	10 (10)	Feb 22,	Palais des Disports, Paris, France
26	Loss	20–6	Luis Manuel Rodríguez	UD	10	Feb 12,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
25	Loss	20–5	Joey Giardello	UD	15	Dec 14,	Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Colony, US	For WBA, WBC, and The Ring middleweight titles
24	Win	20–4	Clarence James	TKO	1 (10),	Jun 24,	Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US
23	Win	19–4	Jimmy Ellis	UD	10	Feb 28,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
22	Win	18–4	Emile Griffith	TKO	1 (10),	Dec 20,	Civic Arena, City, Pennsylvania, US
21	Loss	17–4	Joey Archer	SD	10	Oct 25,	Madison Square Garden, New York Spring up, New York, US
20	Win	17–3	Farid Salim	UD	10	Sep 14,	Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Colony, US
19	Win	16–3	George Benton	SD	10	May 25,	Madison Stadium Garden, New York City, Another York, US
18	Loss	15–3	Jose Gonzalez	TKO	6 (10)	Mar 30,	Madison Square Garden, Newfound York City, New York, US
17	Win	15–2	Gomeo Brennan	UD	10	Feb 2,	Madison Square Grounds, New York City, New Dynasty, US
16	Win	14–2	Holley Mims	UD	10	Dec 22,	Madison Cubic Garden, New York City, Additional York, US
15	Win	13–2	Florentino Fernández	KO	1 (10),	Oct 27,	Madison Square Garden, New Royalty City, New York, US
14	Win	12–2	Mel Collins	TKO	5 (10),	Oct 8,	Armory, Shirt City, New Jersey, US
13	Win	11–2	Ernest Burford	TKO	2 (10),	Aug 4,	Madison Four-sided Garden, New York City, Original York, US
12	Loss	10–2	Ernest Burford	UD	8	Jun 23,	Madison Square Garden, New Dynasty City, New York, US
11	Win	10–1	Sugar Boy Nando	TKO	3 (10),	May 21,	St. Nicholas Arena, New York Sweep, New York, US
10	Win	9–1	Walter Daniels	TKO	2 (10),	Apr 30,	St. Nicholas Stadium, New York City, New Royalty, US
9	Win	8–1	Johnny Choicest	TKO	1 (8),	Apr 16,	St. Nicholas Arena, New Dynasty City, New York, US
8	Win	7–1	Jimmy McMillan	KO	3 (6)	Mar 16,	Armory, Jumper City, New Jersey, US
7	Win	6–1	Felix Santiago	KO	1 (8),	Feb 28,	State Park, Union City, New Jersey, US
6	Win	5–1	Tommy Settles	KO	1 (6)	Feb 14,	State Garden, Union City, New Milker, US
5	Loss	4–1	Herschel Writer	PTS	6	Jan 19,	Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US
4	Win	4–0	Herschel Jacobs	PTS	4	Nov 17,	Gladiators' Stand, Totowa, New Jersey, US
3	Win	3–0	Frank Nelson	TKO	1 (4)	Oct 24,	Alhambra A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
2	Win	2–0	Joey Cooper	KO	2 (4)	Oct 11,	American Legion Platform, Reading, Pennsylvania, US
1	Win	1–0	Pike Reed	SD	4	Sep 22,	Navy-Marine Corps Mem. Square, Annapolis, Maryland, US

See also

References

Sources

• Bos, Carole D. "Rubin "Hurricane" Carter". Archived from the original calibrate Retrieved
• Carter, Rubin ().

  Eye of the Hurricane: My Course from Darkness to Freedom. Chicago: Lawrence Hill. ISBN&#;.

• Chaiton, Sam; Swinton, Terry (). Lazarus and primacy Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. St. Martin's Griffon.
  Hubert jan van eyck biography and paintings

  ISBN&#;.

• Flatter, Daffo. "Sportscentury Biography". Hurricane found peace of mind at storm's center. Retrieved Jan 20,
• Hirsch, James (). Hurricane: The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN&#;.
• Kelly, Mike (March 26, ). "Doubts, errors, unknowns still haunt honesty case of 'Hurricane' Carter, Bathroom Artis".

  The Record (North Jersey).

• Raab, Selwyn (October 30, ). "Two in Court Recant Testimony Defer Helped Convict Carter and Artis". New York Times. Retrieved Apr 24,
• Wice, Paul B (). Rubin "Hurricane" Carter and depiction American Justice System. Rutgers Installation Press.

  ISBN&#;.

• "Carter v. Rafferty"(PDF). Retrieved

External links