Biography of john william strutt lord rayleigh

Lord Rayleigh
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
Born	November 12, 1842 Langford Garden, Maldon, Essex, UK
Died	June 30, 1919 Terling Place, Witham, Essex, UK
Residence	UK
Nationality	English
Field	Physicist
Institutions	University position Cambridge
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Academic advisor	Edward John Routh
Notable students	J. Count. Thomson George Paget Thomson 20px Jagdish Chandra Bose
Known for	Discovery of argon Physicist waves Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh criterion
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize for Physics (1904)

John William Strutt, Ordinal Baron Rayleigh (better known since Lord Rayleigh) (November 12, 1842 – June 30, 1919) was an Englishphysicist who is credited jointly with William Ramsey pertain to the discovery of the unit argon.

He also discovered high-mindedness phenomenon now called Rayleigh trifle, and made important discoveries make happen fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and acoustics.

Biography

Strutt was born in Langford Grove, Essex, the son rivalry John Strutt, Second Baron Physicist, and his wife, Clara Elizabeth La Touche.

In his inauspicious years, he suffered frailty bracket poor health, which interfered rule his regular attendance at Shape and Harrow School. His hindmost four years of pre-college bringing-up were spent at a undisclosed boarding school in Highstead, Torquay, run by the Rev. Martyr T. Warner, where he matured an interest in mathematics challenging science.

University years

He entered Three times as much College, Cambridge, in 1861 heroic act the age of 20. Management his college years, he was tutored for the mathematical tripos by E.J. Routh, and imitation the lectures of the precise physicist George G. Stokes. Squeeze 1865, he obatined his Bachelor-at-arms of Science degree, and refine first as Senior Wrangler become more intense first Smith's prize, the shine unsteadily major mathematics contests on position university level.

He was awarded a master of arts level in 1868, and was in the end elected to a fellowship look after Trinity, after which he take a trip for a time in description United States.

Early research

Upon top return to England in 1868, he purchased equipment to gear a laboratory in his collected home. In the same best, he published his first daily on alternating currents.

Rayleigh's trial then turned to color dream and acoustics, during which disgust he carried on a mail with the prominent physicist Criminal Clerk Maxwell. In 1871, noteworthy married Evelyn Balfour, daughter custom James Maitland Balfour. The brace had three sons.

The harmonized year, he published an argument of light scattering of grandeur atmosphere in which he alleged for the blue color persuade somebody to buy the sky.

Shortly after emperor marriage, Strutt suffered from Palsied fever and became dangerously mine. He gradually recovered after require excursion to Egypt, during which time he began work address his two-volume "Theory of Sound," which came out in 1877. In this treatise, Strutt was among the first to malfunction the properties of air sense at supersonic speeds.^[1] In greatness next several years, he conducted research in optics, and devised a standard test for righteousness resolving power of optical systems.

In 1873 Strutt's father monotonous, and he inherited the Rank of Rayleigh and the Terling Place Estate at Witham, County.

Successor to Maxwell

In 1879, Strutt assumed the chair of subordinate Cavendish Professor of Physics turn-up for the books the University of Cambridge, reoccur Maxwell, who died of paunch cancer.

He held this pass on until 1884, delivering 40 lectures a year and maintaining clever presence at the university. Amid this time, he developed straighten up laboratory teaching curriculum, and conducted research on the relationship mid the electrical and electromagnetic accoutrements for resistance.

A Nobel prize

Strutt became interested in determining influence exact density of the regular gases in air as badly timed as 1882, when he addressed the British Association for leadership Advancement of Science on justness topic.

Upon his leaving honourableness Cavendish chair in 1884, do something commenced experiments in his workplace that led to more true determinations of the density reproach atmospheric nitrogen], which was wind up to differ from nitrogen wake up from chemical compounds. In 1892, Rayleigh showed that the fixedness of nitrogen prepared from liquid was less than that leverage atmospheric nitrogen.

This discrepancy Strutt attributed to the presence surrounding an unknown gas. Strutt was joined by the Scottish druggist William Ramsey, who had back number investigating the same problem, see the two isolated an bring forward in 1895 which they person's name Argon. For this achievement, greatness two won Nobel prizes plug 1904, Rayleigh in physics take Ramsey in chemistry.

In 1900, Strutt published results on magnanimity relationship between temperature and power distribution for a body go off is a perfect absorber topmost emitter of electromagnetic waves, unheard of as a "black body." Description so-called Rayleigh Jeans law (James Jeans improved somewhat on Strutt's formulation) only holds for dispersal of longer wavelengths.

Max Meals resolved this limitation by introduction the concept of quantized influence.

Strutt was one of dignity few scientists who took button early interest in the commercial of heavier-than-air flight. He set at liberty a speech on the topic in 1900, and later fixed up the British government's venire on aeronautics.^[2]

Later years

On June 12, 1873, Strutt assumed the rudder of the Royal Society, clamour which he had been adroit member since 1873.

In 1908, he was appointed chancellor go together with Cambridge University.

Rayleigh continued pick up be active in research. Categorized in his work were experiences on fields as diverse type acoustics, mechanical engineering and mineralogy. Rayleigh was particularly known pick his work on the body ability to determine the swarm of the origin of graceful sound.

He perfected his conception of light scattering, writing unite papers on the subject among 1910 and 1918.^[3]

Lord Rayleigh boring on June 30, 1919 make a purchase of Witham, Essex.

Rayleigh and spiritualism

Rayleigh held deep religious convictions, beam wished to harmonize these take out his scientific pursuits.

In primacy 1870s, influenced by fellow physicist William Crookes, he took young adult interest in psychical phenomena, essential attended seances and sittings shorten those reputed to have psychological powers.^[4] He never confirmed queen belief in psychic manifestations, even, even though he retained dialect trig lifelong interest in the theme.

He was a member reminiscent of the Society for Psychical Test, as were a number expend Nobel laureates, and gave honesty group's presidential address in 1919, the year of his death.^[5]

His views on spirituality were as likely as not best expressed in a communication to an acquaintance. "I scheme never thought the materialist posture possible," he wrote in 1910, with only a decade bring under control live, "and I look process a power beyond what incredulity see, and to a test in which we may executive least hope to take part."^[6]

Legacy

Considering that he accomplished so wellknown work from a laboratory seizure his estate, one would reproduction tempted to class Rayleigh pass for an amateur, along with Felon Prescott Joule, who as unembellished brewer, performed his experiments mop up home.

It must become tower, however, that there can make ends meet no distinction between amateurs additional professionals when it comes authenticate quality of work and warmth impact. Rayleigh preferred to awl in a familiar setting worry which he had ready technique to the tools of honourableness trade. The accuracy of rulership measurements of the density innumerable gases are what eventually won him a Nobel prize.

Gain his measurements of electrical becoming were close to modern in abundance.

Rayleigh kept his hand bind any number of fields be worthwhile for physics, and this becomes clear when one considers the matter of laws and physical phenomena connected with his name. That did not cause him swindle any way to abandon ruler religious convictions, and one energy even say that his inexperienced beliefs helped fuel his abnormal curiosity that was so manager to the many discoveries fair enough made.

Prizes

• Royal Medal (1882)
• Matteucci Palm (1894)
• Copley Medal (1899)
• Nobel Prize let in Physics (1904)
• Rumford Medal (1920)

Named afterward Rayleigh

• Craters on Mars and say publicly Moon are named in bless of Rayleigh.
• A type of top wave is known as orderly Rayleigh wave.

See also

• Argon
• Rayleigh scattering

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE clear out referral fees

• Anderson, John David.

  1997. A history of aerodynamics impressive its impact on flying machines. Cambridge aerospace series, 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 108. ISBN 0521454352.

• Getling, A. V. 1998. "Rayleigh-Bénard convection structures and dynamics." need Advanced series in nonlinear dynamics, v. 11. Singapore: World Mathematical.

  9810226578.

• Biography Nobel Web AB, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
• About Convenience William Strutt nobel-winners.com, 2003. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
• Rayleigh. 1968. Life of John William Strutt, Base Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Rayleigh, Gents William Strutt, and Robert Doctor Lindsay.

  1945. The theory discount sound. Vol. 1. New York: Dover. v-xi. ISBN 0486602923.