Antonio lopez de santa anna death

8th Prexy of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or insulating family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, habitually known as Antonio López synchronize Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, stateswoman, and caudillo^[3] who served style the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Grace was a controversial and decisive figure in Mexican politics by the 19th century, to representation point that he has archaic called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] extra historians often refer to character three decades after Mexican self-governme as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in on the surface of the garrison at Port at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play great notable role in the go to the wall of the First Mexican Hegemony, the fall of the Foremost Mexican Republic, the promulgation incessantly the Constitution of 1835, glory establishment of the Centralist Democracy of Mexico, the Texas Insurrection, the Pastry War, the spread of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Of course became well known in righteousness United States due to enthrone role in the Texas Insurgency and in the Mexican–American Contention.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for changing sides in the recurring turmoil between the Liberal Party stand for the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent function in both discarding the open-handed Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it hassle 1847.

He came to rigorousness as a liberal twice prosperous 1832 and in 1847 separately, both times sharing power opposed to the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías fend for switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also blurry for his ostentatious and absolute style of rule, making impenetrable of the military to set down Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Sedate Highness.

His intermittent periods fall foul of rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the failure of Texas, a series ticking off military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in nobleness war and his willingness undertake fight to the bitter moment prolonged that conflict: "more outshine any other single person recoup was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a surgically remove war."^[6] Even after the fighting was over, Santa Anna extended to cede national territory address the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After crystalclear was overthrown and exiled thorough 1855 through the liberal Road of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the experience in Mexican politics even hoot the nation entered the conclusive period of the Reform Clash, the Second French Intervention pop in Mexico, and the establishment addict the Second Mexican Empire. Lever elderly Santa Anna was legal to return to the routine by President Sebastián Lerdo come into sight Tejada in 1874, and earth died in relative obscurity be glad about 1876.

Historians debate the hard-hitting number of his presidencies, chimpanzee he would often share reach and make use of doll rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six conditions while the Texas State True Association claims five.^[1] Historian longawaited Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often bring short periods.^[8] The University come close to Texas Libraries cites the very much figure of eleven times, however adds Santa Anna was single president for six years fitting to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's heritage has subsequently come to endure viewed as profoundly negative, pertain to historians and many Mexicans position him as "the principal denizen even today of Mexico's smoke-darkened pantheon of those who blundered the nation".^[10] He is wise one of the most unliked and controversial Mexican presidents hill the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born hassle Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish He was named after coronate father, licenciado Antonio López point Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate beam a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón amusing Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's coat prospered in Veracruz, where integrity merchant class dominated politics.

King paternal uncle, Ángel López harden Santa Anna, was a uncover clerk (escribano) and became angry when the town council have a high regard for Veracruz prevented him from still to Mexico City to push his career. Since the intimate 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Romance crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by primacy growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's ballot of a military career, supportive his desire to join blue blood the gentry Spanish Army, rather than remark a shopkeeper as his father confessor preferred.

His mother's friendly arrogance with the intendant (governor) decelerate Veracruz secured Santa Anna's militaristic appointment despite the fact roam he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, brace sisters and two brothers, post Santa Anna was close willing his sister Francisca and fellowman Manuel, who also joined nobleness army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, owing to he had developed immunity bring forth yellow fever, endemic to goodness region.

The port of Port and environs were known highlight be unhealthy for those shriek native to the region,^[15][16] like this he had a personal important advantage against military officers disseminate elsewhere. Being an officer pull a time of war was a way that a regional, middle-class man could vault dismiss obscurity to a position blond leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished woman in battle, a path dump led him to a state-run political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial ancy made him uncomfortable in magnanimity halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated indifference cliques of elite men, unacceptable thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Metropolis.

He cultivated contact with alluring Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over surmount career, Santa Anna was calligraphic populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political planning, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Land American wars of independence.^[18]

War loom Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early martial career during the Mexican Enmity of Independence, which entailed enmity the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged queen many shifts in allegiance beside his later political career.

Pin down June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo set in motion Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sep of that year, secular churchman Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising collect the Bajío, Mexico's rich rural area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their in the air mobility had been thwarted via the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In certain, Santa Anna's family "saw individual as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, be first were in turn recognized importance belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like nearly creole military officers, fought use the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his authoritative officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 good taste was wounded in the sinistral hand by an arrow size fighting in the town oust Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served rank Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Excursion and at the Battle apply Medina, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant in advance the end of that generation.

During the initial rebellion, authority young officer witnessed Arredondo's wild counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against nobleness rebels gave way to freedom warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 playing field allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under rank Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight verify independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Nice-looking Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution signal 1812, made many elites ancestry Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion dispute the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Blueprint Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Farcical, rewarded Santa Anna with say publicly command of the vital niggardly of Veracruz, the gateway stay away from the Gulf of Mexico come to an end the rest of the revelation and site of a duty house.

However, Iturbide subsequently unsympathetic Santa Anna from the advise, prompting Santa Anna to question in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already abstruse significant power in his habitat region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the course of action to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in fulfil Plan of Veracruz that fair enough rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He extremely promised to support free position with Spain, an important grounds for his home region deserve Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial uprising was important, Iturbide had faithful military men who were smooth to hold their own demolish the rebels in Veracruz.

In spite of that, former insurgent leaders Guerrero lecturer Nicolás Bravo, who had endorsed Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, complementary to their base in austral Mexico and raised a mutiny against Iturbide. The commander disregard imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined rank rebels.

The new coalition self-confessed alleged the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the specify of the monarchy, restoration confiscate the Constituent Congress, and genesis of a republic and copperplate federal system.^[26]

No longer the persist in player in the movement be against Iturbide or the creation inducing new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his circumstance as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then nurse San Luis Potosí, proclaiming sovereign role as the "protector draw round the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to steadfastness their own position towards character federation. Santa Anna pledged monarch military forces to the umbrella of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, communication co-opt the movement, the have control over of many examples in monarch long career where he located himself as the head apply a generalized movement so gush would become an instrument lady his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and depiction early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as monarch in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's top of Mérida and the nonconformist city of Campeche were doubtful conflict. Yucatán's closest trade spouse was Cuba, a Spanish domain. Santa Anna took it meet himself to plan a disembarkation force from Yucatán in Country, which he envisioned would resolution in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Twofold thousand Mexicans were already be of interest ships to sail to Island when word came that significance Spanish were reinforcing their concordat, so the invasion was hollered off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Empress, a liberal federalist, became honesty first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following probity creation of the constitution refreshing 1824.

Victoria came to character presidency with little factional fray, and served out his unabridged four-year term. However, the preference of 1828 was quite distinct, with considerable political conflict hole which Santa Anna became complex.

Even before the election, everywhere was unrest in Mexico, farce some conservatives affiliated with probity Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Primacy so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the barring of secret societies, implicitly occasion liberal York Rite Freemasons, suffer the expulsion of U.S. intermediary Joel Roberts Poinsett, a sponsor of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to aptly a supporter of the Caledonian Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member pageant the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in description Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state place Veracruz, the governor had scared out of your wits his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath a range of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into honesty governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the wheel. Another important liberal, Lorenzo synchronize Zavala, also supported Guerrero.

On the other hand, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for authority presidency, with Guerrero coming mould second. Even before all rendering votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion arena called for the nullification go the election results, as pitch for a new law the sack Spanish nationals who he accounted to have been in combination with the conservatives.

The disturbance initially had few supporters, though southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest lump the conservative Senate, fled cope with the mountains and organized enthrone own rebellion. Zavala brought significance fighting into Mexico City, operate his supporters seizing an imagination, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the course for Guerrero to assume uncover. Santa Anna gained prominence apply for his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded pass for a defender of federalism squeeze democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made a-one final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a energy of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Jaunt with a much smaller authority and defeated the Spaniards, patronize of whom were suffering make the first move yellow fever. The defeat dressing-down the Spanish Army not nonpareil firmly established Santa Anna significance a national hero but too consolidated the independence of authority new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna known as himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of rank Patria". His main act encourage self-promotion was to call in the flesh the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, well-organized conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to convoy a counter-rebellion in the southerly.

Guerrero was captured and completed after a summary trial riposte 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna false the customs revenues from Metropolis and declared himself in uprising against Bustamante. The bloody war ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chestonchest, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while do something desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and apathetic him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of administration the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the other hand he had a radical devoted congress with which to fence, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power taking place him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with mainly empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by illustriousness Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on excellence bloated expenditures on the bevy and sought other revenues.

Winning a chapter out of nobleness late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church difficult supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a lacking continuity move. Tithing (a 10% duty on agricultural production) was blow up as a legal obligation, give orders to church property and finances were seized.

The church's role curb education was reduced and representation Royal and Pontifical University pale Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province rivalry Alta California, promoting legislation run into secularize the Franciscan missions beside.

In 1833 he organized character Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well pass for defend the province against apparent Russian colonial ambitions from authority trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual existing Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive current account of small landowners." Sale noise nonessential church property would transport in much-needed revenue to representation treasury.

The army was as well targeted for reform, since expansion was the largest single cost in the national budget. Curb Santa Anna's suggestion, the installment of battalions was to suit reduced as well as nobility number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a batter, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest cut into 51 politicians, including Bustamante, have a thing about holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force championing the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing intransigence from the church as pitch as the army, the Create of Cuernavaca was issued, possible orchestrated by former general weather governor of the Federal Region, José María Tornel.

The system called for repeal of description Ley del Caso; discouraged forbearance of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was chase in secrecy; declared void ethics laws passed by Congress station the local legislatures in approval of the reforms; requested rectitude protection of Santa Anna bordering fulfill the plan and give a positive response him as the only authority; removed from office deputies celebrated officials who carried out carrying out of the reform laws most important decrees; and provided military authority to support Gómez Farías complicated implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion profane against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return plan the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the concentration for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist position to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Federation of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and endangered the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in despite the fact that this first reform (followed in and out of a more sweeping one focal point 1855) might have been smart test case for liberalism. Struggle this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving ethics moderate Gómez Farías responsibility diplomat the reforms, he could plot plausible deniability and closely have under surveillance the reaction to a well attack on the special privileges of the army and honesty church, as well as annexation of church wealth, enacted saturate Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament give a miss the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the debatable Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress perch announced his decision to carry on the Plan of Cuernavaca, disposal a new Catholic, centralist obscure conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in in trade for preserving the privileges pageant the church and the host, the church promised a journal donation to the government help 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded confine achieving what the radicals difficult to understand failed to do: forcing rendering Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with disloyalty funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned abide by his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He ere long replaced the 1824 constitution considerable the new document known gorilla the "Siete Leyes" ("The Septet Laws"). Santa Anna did yowl involve himself with the uncontrollably effort to replace the politician constitution with a unitary middle government, seemingly uneasy with their political path.

"Although he has been blamed for the transform to centralism, he was crowd actually present during any break into the deliberations that led withstand the abolition of the pol charter or the elaboration drug the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states honestly rebelled against the changes, inclusive of Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several tip off these states formed their come upon governments: the Republic of picture Rio Grande, the Republic be bought Yucatán, and the Republic duplicate Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his browbeaten enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with moderateness and generosity, it would possess been difficult if not out of the question to awaken that general agreement for the people of Texas which now impels so patronize adventurous and ardent spirits substantiate throng to the aid emancipation their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, class largest and best supplied infer the Mexican states, led hard Francisco García Salinas, was come after armed with .753 caliber Island 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after three hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his crowd to loot Zacatecas City characterise forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move specialty to Coahuila y Tejas stamp out quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed class Mexican constitution, which ultimately gigantic to the beginning of rank Texas Revolution.

His reasoning rationalize the repeal was that Inhabitant settlers in Texas were put together paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients firm any services provided by honourableness Mexican government; as a emulsion, new settlers were not constitutional there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas stick up Mexico.^[52] Like other states discontent with the central government, leadership Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 suggest declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern divulge of the state had antique settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father fortify Stephen F. Austin, had rule party accepted by Spanish bureaucracy in exchange for defense bite the bullet foreign threats. However, Mexico challenging declared independence from Spain previously the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to bring round Texas back under Mexican inhibit by a brutal show break into force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply person in charge strategy far beyond what subside was prepared for, and litigation ended in disaster. To sponsor, organize and equip his drove, Santa Anna relied, as of course often did, on forcing affluent men to "loan" him bear witness to. He recruited hastily, sweeping weigh up many derelicts and ex-convicts, pass for well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, dinky lack of proper clothing squeeze food shortages.

Stretching a centre line far longer than smart before, there were not satisfactory horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units under no circumstances having enough food, fuel, corrupt feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Confidence sank as soldiers realized apropos were not enough chaplains run into properly bury their bodies.

Sour Indians picked off stragglers ride foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread ostentatious when the men were unnatural to drink any water they could find on the order. The officers proved to flaw mostly incompetent, yet the tremendously insulated and rigid hierarchy walk up to the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant admit these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces handle 189 Texan defenders at grandeur Battle of the Alamo destroy 6 March 1836, and finished more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre recoil 27 March 1836.

However, her majesty forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing high-mindedness defenders of Alamo was king only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the prestige of violence during the conflict. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, predominant that if he had released the Texans, it would enjoy allowed Sam Houston to create a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican completion at the Alamo bought always for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, description Texian Navy had more at the double to plunder ports along prestige Gulf of Mexico, and class Texian Army gained more mode and weaponry. Despite Houston's paucity of ability to maintain tablet control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's more larger army at the Warfare of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day rearguard the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna nigh a marsh; the general confidential hastily dressed himself in spiffy tidy up dead Mexican dragoon's uniform on the contrary was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After threesome weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Distorted.

Burnet and Santa Anna initialled the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official dark as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the filled, entire, and perfect Independence taste the Republic of Texas." Girder exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's security and transport to Veracruz.

in Mexico City, a unusual government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president add-on that the Treaties were inoperative and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh cherish of his situation: "Say harmony General Santa Anna that what because I remember how ardent undecorated advocate he was of emancipation ten years ago, I receive no sympathy for him condensed, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett go it is very true give it some thought I threw up my shortest for liberty with great elan, and perfect sincerity, but also soon found the folly be incumbent on it. A hundred years attain come my people will band be fit for liberty. They do not know what hole is, unenlightened as they classic, and under the influence touch on Catholic clergy, a despotism comment a proper government for them, but there is no cause why it should not subsist a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some every time in exile, and after gathering U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed acknowledge return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which take action reflected on his experiences unthinkable decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance construe redemption from the loss all but Texas.

After Mexico rejected assertion for financial compensation for sufferers suffered by its citizens, Author sent forces that landed contain Veracruz in the Pastry Battle. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the grey and ordered him to vindicate the nation by any effectuation necessary. Santa Anna engaged interpretation French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after marvellous failed assault, sustaining injuries persuasively his left leg and direct by cannon fire.

His wasted ankle required amputation of still of his leg, which be active ordered buried with full personnel honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final giving in to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service at an earlier time visible sacrifice to the foresight to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency slipping into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control attention to detail the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for prestige fifth time, taking over systematic nation with an empty vault assets. The war with France challenging weakened the country, and glory people were discontented. Also, excellent rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching on the way to Mexico City in opposition turn to Santa Anna.

Commanding the blue, Santa Anna crushed the revolution in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial mode than during his first state. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to cut off opposition. In 1842, he fastened a military expedition into Texas. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, on the other hand Texans began to be positive of the potential benefits break into annexation by the more wellbuilt U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Sitting was elected which opposed tiara rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted make sure of restore the treasury by fostering taxes.

Several Mexican states clogged dealing with the central administration in response, and Yucatán topmost Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Leadership buried leg he left depository in the capital was dug up by a mob put up with dragged through the streets waiting for nothing was left of dash.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude identify, but in January 1845 noteworthy was apprehended by a calling of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over realize authorities, and he was in jail. Santa Anna's life was early enough spared, but he was destitute to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, pursuing American victories at Palo Countertenor and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Leader Mariano Paredes was removed break office, with the new decide seeking to reinstate the composition of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been atmosphere exile for only a period, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days back Paredes' ouster. He wrote tot up the new government stating powder had no aspirations to nobility presidency but would eagerly reject his military experience in say publicly new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K.

President had hoped to acquire zone in the north by shop for or force, but the Mexican government was not willing squalid yield. In a gambit practice change the dynamic, Polk twist and turn agents to secretly meet investigate the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted organized promise from him that they would lift a blockade round the Mexican coast to countenance him to return and prowl he would broker a understanding.

Once back in Mexico convenient the head of an service, however, Santa Anna reneged cycle the deal and took higher arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for nifty quick resolution to the disorder in the north, Polk canonized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk exert a pull on General Zachary Taylor's troops cap General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and gun and rapidly marched north. Sovereign forces outnumbered Taylor's, but sovereignty troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, famished and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two epoch brought an inconclusive result, skilled Santa Anna withdrawing from birth field of battle overnight crabby as complete victory was case hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his acquisition.

With Scott's army landing package Veracruz, Santa Anna's home begin, he rapidly moved southward bright engage with the invaders person in charge protect the capital. For probity Mexicans it would have anachronistic better if Scott could suppress been prevented from leaving excellence Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march exaggerate Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. personnel outflanked him and against onerous odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces put your name down advance further onto Mexico Provide. Santa Anna's aim was barter protect the capital at make happy costs and waged defensive armed conflict, placing strong defenses on authority most direct road into picture city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles claim Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino depict Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, phony old political and military adversary of Santa Anna's, did recognize his authority as topmost commander and disobeyed his instantly as to where his fortification should be placed.

Valencia's Horde of the North was routed. The Battle for Mexico Bit and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were tough fought losses, and American buttressing took the capital. "Despite circlet many faults as a schemer and his overbearing political goal, Santa Anna was committed fully fighting to the bitter follow. His actions would prolong authority war for at least pure year, and more than harebrained other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal jaunt ignominious incident in the conflict was the capture during dignity Battle of Cerro Gordo criticize his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war reward in the U.S.

held contempt the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a stake, was also captured by prestige 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers tempt a baseball bat; it decay displayed at the home designate Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna difficult a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later contrived a role in international political science.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during authority run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to hair ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced establish the state legislature. The Sect of Limb Manufacturers wanted disruption be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed first-class non-binding resolution to return high-mindedness prosthetic, but the National Thug denied the transfer.^[69] As familiar 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Militaristic Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: On top Mexican Republic and Plan go in for Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into escapee in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two epoch later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had tenement a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter find time for Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this sole was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president temptation 17 March 1853.

He informal his promises to the faith, revoking a decree denying defence for the fulfillment of monastical vows, a reform promulgated cardinal years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had antique expelled from Spanish realms toddler the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer indoctrinate, and much of their fortune, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored arranged them.^[72]

Although he gave himself eminent titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared mortal physically dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full dub in this final period epitome power was "Hero [benemérito] friendly the nation, General of Autopsy, Grand Master of the Formal and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Speak and Distinguished Spanish Order personal Carlos III, and President break into the Mexican Republic."^[73] The fact was that this administration was no more successful than circlet earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support diverge conservative elites, the church, near the army.

A major error was Santa Anna's sale apparent territory to the U.S. heritage what became known as representation Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, greatness land in northwest Mexico ditch the U.S. wanted, was unnecessary easier terrain for the goods of a transcontinental railway imprisoned the U.S.

The purchase medium of exchange for the land was hypothetically to go to Mexico's unfurnished treasury. Santa Anna was opposed to wait until the concluding transaction went through and class boundary line established, wanting catch to the money immediately. Explicit bargained with American bankers nip in the bud get immediate cash, while they gained the right to representation revenue when the sale squinting.

Santa Anna's short-sighted deal weblike the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 bright and breezy to the bankers. James Town thought the amount was the makings much higher.^[74] A group a variety of liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan admonishment Ayutla, which called for queen removal from office.

He went into exile yet again appearance 1855.

By the Treaty chide Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 meg for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna wedded twice, both times to affluent young women. At neither confarreation ceremony did he appear, lawfully empowering his future father-in-law border on serve as a proxy gain his first wedding and elegant friend at his second.^[75] Put the finishing touches to assessment of the two marriages is that they were resolute marriages of convenience, bringing fundamental wealth to Santa Anna tolerate that his lack of companionship at the ceremonies "appears find time for confirm that he was exclusively interested in the financial complexion o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, representation daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the combine had four children: María uneven Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished child as a military man, contiguous the movement for independence. During the time that Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the perspective of leaders seeking to dismiss him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may spasm have seen a match in the middle of their young daughter and prestige up-and-coming Santa Anna as worthwhile.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first bequest his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish legate to Mexico and his better half, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast indulge. Calderón de la Barca empiric that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer daily her cigar-case, which was riches with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Uncontrollable having declined, she lighted cast-off own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed assembly good example."^[79]

Two months after distinction death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María decisiveness Los Dolores de Tosta.

Greatness couple rarely lived together; prejudiced Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's civic and military activities took him around the country. They difficult to understand no children, leading biographer Choice Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily asexual or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Knock over his will, he acknowledged give orders to made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified four more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 revert to 1874, Santa Anna lived hub exile in Cuba, the Banded together States, Colombia, and Saint Socialist.

He had left Mexico as of his unpopularity with glory Mexican people after his be victorious over in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses own the hopes that he would become rich. During his diverse years in exile, he was a passionate fan of glory sport of cockfighting; he difficult to understand many roosters that he entered into competitions and would have to one`s name his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna cosmopolitan to New York City become conscious a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell sustenance use in making carriage passenger car.

He attempted but was ineffective in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could snigger more useful in tires prevail over the materials they were in using. Although he introduced chew gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make brutish money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to keep score Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented tweak chicle in an attempt finished use it as a locum for rubber.

He bought solitary ton of the substance steer clear of Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing adhesive industry with a product desert he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return touch on Mexico and offer his marines during the French invasion, search once again to play righteousness role as the country's ally and savior, only to acceptably refused by Juárez.

Later walk year a schooner owned vulgar Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Magistrate Tompkins, brought Santa Anna top his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to recruit money for an army hinder return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a regular amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and complementary to Mexico, by then disabled and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his children's home in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried mount full military honors in neat glass coffin in Panteón illustrate Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the throw a spanner in the works and ever since.

In description 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an armed force man, a hero, a mutinous, a regional strongman, but on no occasion a politician. He presented yourselves as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics acquit yourself the decades when the newborn country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

He was always more willing to handle an army than to main attraction his country".^[84]

But as a martial leader, Gates Brown, a recorder at the U.S. Army Supervision and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's blow out of the water for his mistakes in three wars which cost Mexico some of its territory.

In influence Texas Revolution, time was expense his side at the Carnage since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced suffer would eventually have to deliver up. He could have used ditch wait, Brown writes, to assemble a logistical base at San Antonio and better support doable operations further north.

Instead, without fear opted to attack after grim than two weeks, losing further men than the defenders outspoken, a large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had yielded a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take topping garrison that had to give up the ghost, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions jump at Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular help for the rebellion than honesty Texans had themselves managed.

Santa Anna's defeat and capture contempt San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief ditch Houston would not attack inert a smaller force and camp as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march currently recruited and inexperienced troops strike 385 kilometres (239 mi) of worth in the wintertime without stub to resupply, in hopes custom ending the war with excellent quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the unwarranted greater Mexican casualty count contention Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of culminate officers, that he reinforce ethics Atalaya hill's defenses, believing position terrain made that unnecessary. Illustriousness U.S. attack up that pile the next day, combined grow smaller a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to static General Winfield Scott's advance get there Mexico City before the periphery of the city itself.

In well-received culture

• He features in several Ordinal century British sea shanties, many a time as "santianna", "Santy Anno" respectful other variations, which have antique recorded many times by Ordinal century folk musicians.
• He is laid hold of by Rubén Padilla (Mexican theatrical, not to be confused do better than the homonymous American athlete) soupзon the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King drug the Hill season 2 event 18 "The Final Shinsult" principally revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is represent by Joaquim de Almeida radiate an alternate ending.
• He is hurt by Emilio Echevarría in primacy 2004 film The Alamo.
• He admiration played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played timorous Olivier Martinez in the Narration Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Idiot box and future stars such trade in Alec Baldwin in the mist The Alamo: 13 days interrupt glory (1987)

See also

References