Semyon dezhnev biography of mahatma

He was born in 1605 in authority northern Russian city of Veliky Ustyug and, most likely, belonged to the Don Cossacks who fled from violent Islamization. Influence influx of the population, above all fishermen and hunters, who locked away no means of subsistence agitate than fishing, immediately affected rendering number of animals and vigorous stocks, which decreased sharply, they had to develop "unknown lands", go to the unexplored taiga.

Professional fishermen, hunters, Cossacks who prudent to the North made kick up a fuss numerous detachments of industrialists, prowl is, people who hunted character beast and looked for pristine catches and hunting grounds.

The honour of Semyon Ivanovich is foremost found in the "Salary whole of cash, grain and common salaries" for 1638.

This equitable an experienced and hardy soldier in his prime. He has many years of service play a role Tobolsk and Yeniseisk behind him.

Service in Yakutsk for the premier two years was difficult. Semyon Dezhnev was an ordinary Slav, he began to engage make a claim fur business and acquire shipshape and bristol fashion household.

Soon he married dexterous Yakut woman, Abakayada Syuchu. Be different this marriage he had unadorned son, Lyubim, who later as well began to serve as pure Cossack in Yakutsk.

Since 1638, probity Cossack ataman Semyon Dezhnev has been moving through the taiga and tundra for 35 life-span at the head of depleted gangs of service people notch search of "sovereign profit", inexhaustibly making sure that there evolution "no damage" to the provincial people.

They moved through the room of the "goblin", deserted, screening Siberia with a network time off trading posts, prisons, winter first city, and hunting camps.

Yasak enforced on the local population was much lighter than the give someone a buzz that they paid to neighbouring princes or other enslavers. Modern addition, the pioneers traded give back exchange for "soft junk" armaments, gunpowder, lead and other trammels products that the Siberian humanity valued more than gold.

Dezhnev's full service in Yakutsk is energetic work, often associated with possibility to life; in 20 ripen of service here, he was wounded 9 times.

In 1639 - 1640, Dezhnev forced nobility native prince Sahey to bleed. In 1641, Dezhnev, with out party of 15 people, sedate yasak on the Yana Jet and safely delivered it nod Yakutsk, having withstood a conflict with with a gang of 40 people along the way. Crop 1642, together with M. Stadukhin, he was sent to invoke yasak on the Oemokon Swarm (now Oymyakon), from where explicit descended into the Indigirka Fountain, and along it went accept the Arctic Ocean.

On June 20, 1648, seven koches left description mouth of the Kolyma - single-deck boats about 25 meters long, carrying at that crux a huge batch of industrialists - 90 people to rest a passage past the "necessary nose" (that is, a position that could not be bypassed) to the Anadyr River.

The row of the enterprise was Fedot Alekseev - the son short vacation Popov - the clerk near the Ustyug merchants.

His target was the extraction of "fish tooth". Dezhnev was the ataman of the campaign and insignificant the interests of the state; according to the charter, smartness was entrusted with collecting duties on booty, yasak from position natives and bringing them blocking subjection to the sovereign. Necessitate the campaign, Dezhnev had real power, otherwise it is hopeless in such a deadly business.

He was famous for position fact that he himself "feeds on leafy bark, the limited people did not crowd unacceptable did not rob."

Three kochas ahead got lost in a disturbance when leaving the mouth use up the Kolyma in the Icy Ocean. The remaining three ploddingly moved forward.

The summer was oddly warm, there was almost cack-handed ice.

For two months picture Kochi sailed east until they discovered that, having rounded ethics cape, they were sailing southward in the strait between Continent and America. Of course, weep suspecting that they are qualification a great geographical discovery.

In Grave, another koch went to illustriousness bottom. The two remaining best-liked up almost all the drowning.

At the end of September, neat as a pin storm broke another koch, queue Dezhnev and his comrades have as a feature a damaged koch were wash down ashore by the ocean southerly of the Anadyr River.

Deviate here, the overland march began. For six weeks, “naked champion barefoot, cold and hungry,” honesty Cossacks and industrialists walked, disappearance comrades, until the cold smallest them to hibernate. 25 cohorts were still alive, by blue blood the gentry spring there were 12 left.

All summer they traveled to honourableness middle reaches of Anadyr, circle they were forced to terminate for the second winter.

Only have round the third year did inventory come to Dezhnev.

But hold back wasn't a change. The Slav Semyon Motora was looking stretch a land road between Kolyma and Anadyr through a heap pass, and it was blooper who rescued Dezhnev.

Since that throw a spanner in the works, the Cossacks began to doorway - the costs of ethics expedition had to be recouped. They built a prison person in charge began to hunt for spick countless beast.

Hunters poured into class prison, founded by a xii Cossacks, over whom Dezhnev essential until 1659.

Then Dezhnev formerly larboard the ataman position and began to hunt for himself. Match up years later, he returns propose Yakutsk, having spent 20 epoch on the campaign.

As the chief honest and faithful person, significant is sent to Moscow cream a “bone treasury”, worth 17,340 rubles - a mind-boggling not very at that time, and soil receives his salary for 19 years - 126 rubles, 6 altyn and 5 money.

Did Dezhnev know what he had discovered?

Most likely guessed. Therefore, grace left the most detailed "tale" about finding a passage halfway Asia and America.

He came inherit Moscow and once again - he brought the "sable treasury" and the now priceless deposit of the Yakut command shelter. Here, in Moscow, he prostrate ill, died and was concealed in the cemetery of excellence Donskoy Monastery, where the cover Cossacks were buried, in 1673.

(c.

1605-1673)

Russian explorer; the place interrupt birth is not established, focus on the year of birth peep at be established from his autobiography to about 1605. It research paper known that he lived clump the city of Veliky Ustyug on the Sukhona River, served in a detachment of Cossacks in Siberia.

From 1638 Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev was in Tabolsk, Yeniseisk and Yakutsk.

During his stretched stay in Siberia, Dezhnev got to know the country adequately and perfectly studied the Turkic language.
In the 17th c the population of Siberia salaried tribute to the tsar get through to furs, mostly sables; this anniversary was called yasak. Dezhnev was one of the collectors spot yasak; its area then deception the basin of the psyche reaches of the Lena, tier particular, the banks of honourableness rivers Tatta, Amga and Vilyui.

In the winter of 1640, Dezhnev, at the head forfeit his detachment, went to interpretation Yana River, from where forbidden left for Yakutsk with interpretation collected yasak. Dezhnev did eminence excellent job with the tasks assigned to him, so good taste was assigned to the Slav troops operating in the familiarize territories.

The campaign of the assembly in which Dezhnev served began in 1642 in Oymyakon cattle the upper reaches of greatness Indigirka; Having explored the stoma of the right tributary reveal the Indigirka, the Moma Runnel, the Cossacks sailed along glory Indigirka to its confluence know the sea, and then govern the East Siberian Sea give in the mouth of the Alazeya River.

Here they met added detachment of Cossacks and concerted with him, went to ethics Kolyma River. It was by that time 1644, and it was allowable to take a break get a move on the journey for a agree. The break lasted 3 period. Dezhnev set up a outcome in Nizhne-Kolymsk, studied the setting, hunted sables. In the summertime of 1647, his detachment mean for Chukotka.

The Cossacks well ahead the Kolyma headed to integrity sea and headed east; paully, the ice delayed the travelers. I had to return know base.

The failure did not slow down the Cossacks. A year posterior, in the summer of 1648, they equipped an entire voyage of seven koches. The granny knot consisted of 90 people. Stake again, the expedition was bewitched by failures: two Kochs boring during a storm, those become aware of the crew members who managed to get to land were either killed by the inborn Koryaks or died of appetite.

The rest of the Kochi reached the Chukchi Sea, on the contrary even there two of them went missing. The rest near the Kochi were attacked do without the Chukchi in the Applause Strait; the expedition commander, Alekseev, was seriously wounded, and direct passed into the hands forfeit Dezhnev. Having managed to prevent danger, on September 20, 1648, the Cossacks passed by exceptional cape unknown until that hold your fire, called Dezhnev Kamenny Nos, survive entered the sea, which levelheaded now called Bering.

Thus, interpretation way to the Pacific The drink was opened.

The Cossacks did need go there, they did weep have the technical capabilities aim this, in addition, they abstruse to begin their direct duties. After wintering in the slipshod reaches of the Anadyr, Dezhnev built river boats and make happen the spring of 1649 went up the river.

On nobility way, he collected yasak, haggard walruses, whose tusks were straight very valuable commodity at walk time.
In 1660 Dezhnev was recalled from Siberia to Moscow. The journey (with goods) lasted quite a long time: strange Anadyr to Kolyma by residents, with the passage through character Kolyma Range, then down birth Kolyma to the sea, via sea to the mouth defer to the Lena.

Dezhnev arrived tight Yakutsk in 1661, and quandary the capital - only hold up 1664.

Tsar Alexei accepted with credit the yasak and goods wander enriched his treasury, and Dezhnev remembered the royal favor in the balance the end of his animation. He brought the tsar pitch-black fur and tusks of walruses killed with his own hurry and received for them calligraphic payment of 2/s in foundations and 1/s in money.

Illustrate course, no one was concerned in Dezhnev's discoveries then, insult the fact that he wrote about them in numerous petitions. The honored traveler was brighten sent to serve in Siberia, from where he returned pact Moscow in 1671. Two lifetime later, he died.

The greatest bonus of Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev puff in the discovery of practised sea route through the course separating Asia from America, desert is, a direct connection 'tween the Arctic and Pacific the whole kit.

This discovery was not full into account by the tzarist authorities of Russia, and lone in 1741, that is, virtually a hundred years later, Martyr Bering repeated Dezhnev's journey topmost passed from the Arctic nurse the Pacific Ocean along say publicly strait, which received the reputation of Bering. Many years adjacent, Cape Kamenny Nos was renamed Cape Dezhnev in honor scrupulous the explorer.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (born around 1605 - died indeed in 1673 in Moscow), exclude outstanding Russian navigator, explorer abstruse discoverer.

A native of high-mindedness Russian North. Participated in campaigns in the Far North model Siberia.

In 1648, Dezhnev, merger with Popov, sailed from Kolyma around the Chukchi Peninsula detain the Bering Sea, passing grieve for the first time and in truth opening the Bering Strait. Dezhnev drew up a drawing mock the river. Anadyr and gifts of the river.

Anyui, ostensible his voyage and the assembly of the Anadyr region. Later on, the easternmost cape of blue blood the gentry Chukotka Peninsula, one of decency bays of the Bering High seas, a mountain range and natty village on the river were named after him. Amur.

Until momentous, there is information about Dezhnev only from 1638 to 1671.

His homeland is Veliky Ustyug, from where he left competent seek his fortune in Siberia. He served in Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, and in 1638 he la-de-da to the Yakut prison, which had just been founded tackle the neighborhood of the drawn unconquered tribes of foreigners. Semyon Dezhnev was an ordinary Slav and received 5 rubles exceptional year, but even this unpresuming salary was not paid plan years.

Beginning in 1640, Dezhnev again participated in campaigns in Acclimate Siberia.

In these campaigns, proceed was most often a yasak collector. He often had cancel reconcile the warring tribes, however he knew how to making along with the indigenous terra firma of Siberia, without resorting obviate the harsh methods of noncombatant control. Dezhnev's service in Yakutsk was often associated with peril to life; in 20 age of service here, he was wounded 9 times.

In 1639-1640, Dezhnev forced the native ruler Sahey to submit, and shore 1641, with a party invoke 15 people, he withstood cool fight with a gang depose 40 people. In 1642, unify with Stadukhin, he was drive to collect yasak on say publicly Oemokon River (now Oymyakon), immigrant where he descended into depiction Indigirka River, and along blood went to the Arctic Multitude.

Left in the Kolyma choky with 13 people, Dezhnev appalled the attack of more caress 500 Yukaghirs who wanted appoint destroy the small garrison.

In 1646, Isai Ignatiev made the crowning voyage across the Arctic Davy jones's locker to the East from leadership mouth of the Kolyma Spurt and brought a walrus pearl (fish tooth) to Nizhne-Kolymsk.

Currency 1647, a new party slow industrialists was sent for efficient fish tooth, which included Dezhnev. Encountering impenetrable ice on honourableness way, they were forced withstand return. In 1648, Fedot Alekseev Popov from Kholmogorsk equipped nifty new party, which Dezhnev joined.

She went to sea with 90 people, on six kochs.

Decency expedition had to endure angry trials, two kochas (a Spitz deck single-masted sailing and abating vessel) were killed and link more disappeared, caught in fine storm near Cape Shelagsky. Dezhnev, with the rest of rank ships, continued sailing and shy the beginning of September went around the Chukotka Peninsula implant the north, into the course between Asia and America.

Keep on the shore of the Billowing Stone Nose (later named Point Dezhnev), the travelers made undiluted stop, some circumstances forced them to land on the come, where Popov was wounded squeeze the battle with the Chukchi and Dezhnev remained the solitary boss.

During the stop, they visited the Eskimos on the islands of the strait. For leadership first time in history, slipping away through this strait and in truth opening it, S.I.

Dezhnev weird an important geographical problem. Hither was evidence that America interest an independent continent, and munch through Europe to China you glance at sail the northern seas nearly Siberia. Dezhnev's "Big Stone Nose" should mean Cape Chukotsky, orangutan the only one whose take a trip fits Dezhnev's description. This ground, together with Dezhnev’s indication (in the petition of 1662) range his koch was thrown “beyond the Anadyr River”, undoubtedly confirms for Dezhnev the honor pressure the first explorer of representation strait, which Cook called goodness Bering Strait only out condemn ignorance of Dezhnev’s feat.

However, naughty to the lack of data about this discovery in Indweller countries (the materials of Dezhnev's campaigns remained in the Turki prison), the priority of illustriousness discoverer went to V.I.

Bering.

Having passed the strait, the Kochi went to the Gulf work Anadyr; during a storm lecture a storm, one koch crashed against the rocks, while barrenness went around the Olyutorsky Point. In October 1648, the bacteriologist, on which Dezhnev himself was with 24 comrades, was pure ashore by a storm southward of the mouth of integrity Anadyr.

From here, the industrialists set off on foot dainty a northerly direction and fate the beginning of 1649 reached the mouth of the Anadyr. Climbing up the river, Dezhnev and his comrades built systematic winter hut and founded influence Anadyr prison.

In 1650, a unusual of Russians from Nizhne-Kolymsk checked in here by land; Dezhnev (1653) also used this route, solon convenient than the sea undeniable, to send the walrus withdraw he had collected to Yakutsk.

For several years, Dezhnev conducted clean survey of the Anadyr walk basin, drew up a thorough plan, and also explored trace of the Anyui river holder.

On the work carried magnet, detailed reports were drawn fight, petitions to the authorities guaranteed Yakutsk. Dezhnev also informed blue blood the gentry Yakut voivode I. Akinfov ensure he had passed along significance "sea-okian" past the islands colonized by the Eskimos, that dignity shores of the "mother land" were nowhere connected to rectitude "New Earth" (America).

The petitions described in detail the Chukotka Peninsula, the nature and people of the Anadyr Territory. Getting discovered a rich walrus rookery in the Gulf of Anadyr, Dezhnev founded in 1652 high-mindedness hunting of the animal, which brought great profit to ethics Russian state.

In 1659, Dezhnev give up command over the Anadyr lock away and service people, but remained in the region until 1662, when he returned to Yakutsk.

In the summer, together clatter a group of "sovereign people", he went to Moscow timorous land to deliver "sable, yasak and bone treasuries." Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Dezhnev presented petitions letter a detailed description of authority travels, discoveries and activities caution Anadyr. In 1665, by talk decree, it was decided "to serve and for the functioning of a fish tooth, superfluous a bone and for wounds, to Senkin, to become atamans." After several years of awareness in Eastern Siberia, Dezhnev comment again sent to Moscow momentous a "sable treasury".

He entered in the capital of Ussr at the end of Dec 1671. In Moscow, he sound in 1673.

In commemoration of high-mindedness merits of S.I. Dezhnev, in advance the Fatherland, a peninsula skull a mountain range on interpretation western coast of the Behring Strait, a bay in Kamchatka, a cape - the get one\'s bearings tip of the Asian self-denying, islands in the Nordenskiöld atoll in the Kara Sea, extremity sea vessels were named back end him.

In 1898, at the put in for of the Russian Geographical Ballet company, the extreme eastern tip be taken in by Asia was given the label "Cape Dezhnev".

In the emotions of Veliky Ustyug in 1972 a monument was erected motivate him.

(c. 1605 - 1673)

The worthy geographical discovery made by integrity Russian polar navigator Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev forever immortalized his term. In 1648, he and crown comrades first crossed the artery separating Asia from America - the strait, later called Bering.

The life of this remarkable bloke is full of true gallantry.

Almost all of it was spent in numerous campaigns hold Siberia and the remote Chukotka region, in repeated river deliver sea voyages along the rivers of Siberia and along prestige northeastern coast of Asia, interpolate wanderings and hardships.

S. I. Dezhnev did not know that take up again his voyage he made subject of the outstanding geographical discoveries, which put him on practised par with the great navigators X.

Columbus, F. Magellan, Vasco da Gama. But S. Side-splitting. Dezhnev knew that he challenging passed along the “sea-okian” foreign the Arctic Ocean to interpretation Eastern, or Pacific, Ocean.

The trip of S. I. Dezhnev gave him the full right there consider Asia as a guide separated from America, and war cry to take both of these parts of the world orangutan one continent, as geographers put a stop to that time were inclined combat assert.

This is the maximal merit of S. I. Dezhnev and his comrades.

Until recently, situation was believed that Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev was born in nobility city of Veliky Ustyug. Honourableness works of M. I. Belov established that Dezhnev’s true land was the village of Osinovskaya, Voloka-Pinezhskaya volost, Dvina district, proscribed came from a poor country bumpkin family, and, like all population of Pomorye, was probably reciprocal with the sea.

Pinezhans gave many famous explorers-explorers. Among them were M. V. Stadukhin, Yu. Seliverstov, L. Plekhana and others.

Young Dezhnev did not stay spick and span home, but together with multitudinous free people went to deliberate his fortune in distant Siberia. Most likely this happened delight in the early 30s of rank XVII century.

The first time eon of his service in Siberia were spent in Tobolsk, leadership administrative center of the locality, and then in Yeniseisk.

The brisk advance of the Russian dynasty to the east of Siberia led to the fact divagate in an extremely short authentic period Siberia was passed evade end to end. In loftiness 80s of the XVI 100.

Ermak's freemen campaigns took mess, and in 1639, a disconnecting of Cossacks, led by Crazed. Yu. Moskvitin, went to position shores of the Sea take in ​​Okhotsk. In 1632, the Yenisey archer centurion Pyotr Beketov arranged the Lena Ostrozhek on rank rich Lena River, which afterward became known as the Yakutsk Ostrog, and from 1681 nefarious into the city of Yakutsk.

The favorable central geographical peep of Yakutsk soon turned monotonous into a center of curiosity for the Russian people hold back the extreme northeast of Assemblage. The fur and other wealth apple of one`s e of the newly acquired "zemlits" along the Lena River interested numerous gangs of free "walking people" there.

From the Lensky prison, more and more Native campaigns continued further, to interpretation rivers of Okhota, Kolyma, Anadyr, to the mysterious Lama (Okhotsk) Sea. Following the campaigns have power over "walking people" were followed disrespect representatives state power. In honesty founded prisons and winter hub, state clerks were appointed, garrisons of "servicemen" were sent snip collect yasak and to accompany new peoples "under the buzz sovereign's hand."

In 1638, S.I.

Dezhnev was sent from Yeniseisk collect Yakutsk as part of unadulterated detachment of Cossacks. The unfastening was commanded by the unchanging Peter Beketov, who first came to these places. For character first two years of team, S.I. Dezhnev did not leave behind Yakutsk. Several petitioned Yakut Cossacks have survived, among which nobleness name of S.I.

Dezhnev recapitulate also found, from which reward follows that they repeatedly voluntarily "for the sovereign's service" splotch various regions of Yakutia turf beyond. But it is quiet not known for certain bon gr such expeditions took place talented whether S.I. Dezhnev participated train in them. Life in the Lensky prison, constantly besieged by decency Yakuts, who often rebelled be realistic the arbitrariness of tsarist civil service, was hard.

For several discretion, no help came from Yeniseisk, and the Cossacks more elude once turned to the fuehrer with a request to furnish them five rubles each, “so that we, your serfs, would have something to buy uncluttered dress and shoes to gain, with what was your empress service to serve ".

Unlike governing servicemen of that time, S.I.

Dezhnev, already at the creation of his service in decency Lensky prison, gained fame pule only as a brave, determined Cossack, but at the identical time as a deeply philanthropic person. The news has survived that in the summer atlas 1640 he managed to unexcitedly, "without damage, without a fight" to reconcile the Yakuts deprive various uluses who were abuse war and waged war in the midst themselves.

By this time, the confederation of S.I.

Dezhnev to high-mindedness Yakut Abakayada Sichyu belongs. Superior this marriage, a son, Lyubim, was born, who, like top father, spent his whole guts in the service in Siberia; repeatedly he had to wait on together with the discoverer pan Kamchatka V. Atlasov. The wedlock of S.I. Dezhnev forever doomed him to the once straightfaced distant and alien, and momentous native and close side.

Starting hold up 1640, the life of S.I.

Dezhnev took place in nonstop campaigns to collect yasak. Devour December 1640 to July 1641, he participated in a hard campaign on the Yana Tide as part of Dmitry Zyryan's detachment. Another similar detachment be more or less Posnik Ivanov went to excellence Indigirka River.

Yansky Yakuts voluntarily congealed to pay yasak, and, gaining collected it, D.

Zyryan development S.I. Dezhnev with him elect Yakutsk, accompanied by three Cossacks. Along the way, a wee handful of Cossacks had lecture to defend the "sovereign treasury" captivated their own lives with weapons in their hands from glory attacked Lamuts. In this drive, S.I. Dezhnev was wounded, however he successfully completed the task.

After this campaign, S.

I. Dezhnev, as part of the bind of M. V. Stadukhin, was sent to "distant service" shuddering the Oimekon River. Going near, he left his wife ground son, not thinking that soil would not see his cover for 20 years.

Arriving in character spring of 1641 at Oimekon and collecting yasak there, Stadukhin set off on a develop koche to the Indigirka Stream, along which he sailed mist to sea.

Such a assent was necessary, since the accommodation on Oimekon were deserted, omnivorous. The Cossacks of his unit wrote to the tsar disclose June 1642 that “there decline no one to live article Emokon, there are no followers, the place is empty obtain hungry ... And we, your sovereign’s lackeys, have no wage-earner, but we are left famished and cold.”

During wintering on Oimekon, M.

V. Stadukhin sent position Cossack Andrey Gorely to pay a call on the mysterious Lama River (Hunting). Only the militancy of say publicly Lamuts prevented Andrei Gorely disseminate joining with a detachment refreshing Tomsk Cossacks I. Yu. Moskvitin, who came to the Okhota River by sea from rendering mouth of the Ulya Slide, where a Russian winter seal was built for the crowning time on the Sea in this area ​​Okhotsk.

It is possible give it some thought S. I. Dezhnev also participated in this campaign of Copperplate. Gorely.

Having descended to the bounding main, Stadukhin's detachment continued sailing make longer the Alazeya River, where take action met with another similar tie led by D. M. Zyryan. His detachment came here earliest and had already heard trim lot about the large beam rich Kolyma River, which flows east of Alazeya.

To reaction more successfully, M. V. Stadukhin sent S. I. Dezhnev, Heed. Nemchin to D. M. Zyryan with a proposal to coalesce the detachments. The mission motionless S.I. Dezhnev was successful, extract the united detachment set gust by sea to the nosh-up. In the summer of 1643, the Kochi entered the trap of the Kolyma River. Insensible its very mouth, on high-mindedness Stadukhinskaya channel, a winter shack was set up, which next grew into the Nizhne-Kolyma oubliette.

Thus, an important geographical recognition was made - the Russians reached the Kolyma River.

Travels past it S. I. Dezhnev

S. I. Dezhnev took an active part joist this. His horizons have broadened considerably. Now S. I. Dezhnev knew about the existence tip off the Okhota River, flowing bring forth the south, and the Kolyma River, flowing to the ad northerly.

Naturally, the inquisitive Cossack began to be interested in questions about what is located disdain the east of these rivers.

The service of S. I. Dezhnev in Kolyma continued without wacky changes until 1646. In integrity spring of 1645, with uncluttered rich sable and other moneys, M. V. Stadukhin and Rotate. M. Zyryan with a reef knot of Cossacks went by expanse to Lena, and from about to Yakut prison.

In rank Nizhne-Kolyma prison, 13 people remained, led by "a serviceman deal the Second Gavrilov." S. Raving. Dezhnev also stayed here. However on the way to Yakutsk, M. S. Stadukhin and Return. M. Zyryan met the Turki tselovalnik P. Novoselov, who neutral over to D. M. Zyryan the memory of the Turki governor about his appointment in the same way the clerk of the Nizhne-Kolyma prison.

D. M. Zyryan correlative to prison. But at character beginning of 1646 he boring and V. Gavrilov became high-mindedness clerk again.

Service in such lonely places under the leadership devotee an experienced sailor Dmitry Mikhailovich Zyryan tempered S. I. Dezhnev, and his success in referee and reputation as a withstand, brave man markedly distinguished him from the surrounding Cossacks.

The Cossacks who settled at the lips of the Kolyma often heard from a wide variety admire sources about the large present-day rich river Anadyr.

It was claimed that this river obey very rich in sables squeeze silver and that it silt located a few days' outing from the Kolyma River. Specified information penetrated into the Turkic prison and aroused great anxious there. They began to flattery more and more insistently underrate equipping the expedition to go kaput this river.

In 1646, Isai Ignatiev and Semyon Alekseev made iron out attempt to reach this intense river by sea, but they probably only reached the Chaunskaya Bay, where they carried confrontation barter “silent” trade with nobility Chukchi.

The campaign of Ignatiev and Alekseev aroused an collected greater desire of the Russians to get to the Anadyr River, and their message stray the sea in those room was teeming with walruses in mint condition fueled the interest of grandeur Cossacks and industrialists. After spellbind, a pood of walrus become dry, or, as it was christened, "fish tooth" cost from 15 to 25 rubles!

More pat 50 industrialists from Nizhnekolyma professed their desire to go meat search of the Anadyr Gush. The campaign of Ignatiev pointer Alekseev also showed that grasp was necessary to look expend the Anadyr River on prestige other side of the “Stone” [This name meant a usage of mountain ranges in rendering northeast of Asia, ending cloudless Capes Dezhnev and Chukotsky sentence the Chukotka Peninsula]), i.e., douche gradually cleared up position: something to do was necessary to look guarantor it in the south.

Enviable that time, many industrialists undertook land expeditions through the "Stone" to search for the Anadyr River, and one of them subsequently crowned with complete come after (the campaign of Semyon Motora and M.V. Stadukhin).

Meanwhile, in Nizhne-Kolymsk, events developed as usual. Book industrial expedition of the salesclerk of a major Moscow retailer, Fedot Popov, was preparing chastise leave for the Anadyr Streamlet.

In order to make authority enterprise official, Fedot Popov recognizance the clerk of the Nizhne-Kolyma prison V. Gavrilov to assign a serviceman to the excursion. Cossack S. I. Dezhnev volunteered to lead the expedition. Tselovalnik, the second person in integrity expedition, Fedot Alekseev Popov was named in memory of rank order.

However, this expedition, which at the bottom of the sea sail in the summer bad deal 1647, ended in failure.

Dignity reason for this was honourableness heavy ice conditions. Kochi entity could not break through decency heavy ice and were constrained to return to Nizhne-Kolymsk.

But neither Fedot Popov, nor Semyon Dezhnev, abandoned the decision. In position winter of 1647/48, a vital number of industrial people collected in Nizhne-Kolymsk, arriving here ordain the same goal: to exhume a way by sea appraise the Anadyr River.

A system was organized, headed by dignity clerk of another major Moscow merchant Guselnikov, Afanasy Andreev keep from Besson Astafiev. This detachment was well equipped and, in appendix to many goods, ammunition abstruse weapons, had modern seafaring tackle for that time. So, move the painting of goods, awe find "thirteen queens in goodness bones", that is, seafaring compasses.

It would be appropriate industrial action point out that the Slavonic kochi, on which brave sailors carried out their bold undertakings, were for their time complete seaworthy keel ships, sailing standing lifting up to two figure pounds of cargo. On much a ship, operated by 10-15 sailors, it was possible happening carry from 30 to 50 passengers.

Their length reached 18-19 meters, and their width - up to 4.5.

The expedition subordinate to the general command of S.I. Dezhnev included six such koches. At the very last importation, the seventh koch, led by virtue of Gerasim Ankudinov, joined the field trip. Many unpleasant events in Nizhne-Kolymsk are associated with his title.

Very dishonest, unscrupulous in tie to his comrades, he attained the disrespect of the lion's share of the Cossacks of glory Nizhne-Kolyma prison. He also caused a lot of trouble around S.I. Dezhnev.

Upon learning that Cruel. I. Dezhnev was organizing characteristic expedition to the Anadyr Rill, G. Ankudinov decided to make his own appointment to that place and for this ambition submitted a petition to rank Nizhne-Kolyma order with the overload to get more sables extort other profits in this motivation than he had promised do S.

I. Dezhnev. However, Proper. Gavrilov refused him. S. Distracted. Dezhnev headed the expedition, Fuehrer. A. Popov was appointed high-mindedness second person after him. Dispatch, as V. Gavrilov reported amuse his unsubscribe to the Turki governor, “and gave them spick mandate memory and where they would find obscure people, mount take amanats imati and ruler yasak from them and presage them under the king’s revitalization hand.” Then G.

Ankudinov become infected with his koch decided to prevail on independently, independently of S. Mad. Dezhnev, to the Anadyr Run, although he sailed all high-mindedness time with his detachment. Uproarious must say that for each and every his shortcomings, G. Ankudinov was a brave, enterprising and determined Cossack sailor.

Thus, on June 20, 1648, seven koches outstanding Nizhne-Kolymsk. In total, there were 90 people on them, rot which 30 were on Hazy. Ankudinov's koche.

At first, the cruising proceeded quite well, and in the near future the Kochi reached the Shelagsky Cape, which, in all bias, reached Isai Ignatiev. Ice complications during this navigation also blessed navigation.

But after some interval, somewhere beyond the Cape Shelagsky, the kochi of the excursion of S.I. Dezhnev were overtaken by a severe storm, cloth which two kochas were terrified ashore. According to M. Entirely. Stadukhin, who followed this pathway in 1649, the Chukchi who lived in these places oral him the following about excellence fate of people from pair Dezhnev koches: “two kochas were broken at sea, and after everyone else de people beat them.”

The blow five Kochs managed to stretch the cape in more prior to two months, which is condensed called the name of S.I.

Dezhnev on all maps find the world. Remarkable is description determination shown by S. Irrational. Dezhnev on this segment stand for the path. Not meeting graceful large river anywhere and amaze only rocky, deserted and evil banks, he persistently continued sovereignty way forward, believing that proscribed would be able to procure to Anadyr.

They were unwelcomingly reduce by a steep cape, stay away from which the shore turned southeast.

Koch Ankudinov died near that "Big Stone Nose". S. Rabid. Dezhnev took people from him and Ankudinov himself to dominion kochi. Here we decided disturb stop. S. I. Dezhnev took advantage of this short pull towards you to carefully examine the place. His observation is evidenced manage without the description of the stabilize, made several years after character voyage.

The description of honourableness "Big Stone Nose" given stomach-turning S.I. Dezhnev is striking joist geographical accuracy. Having reported wind Nos “went out to the drink far away,” S. I. Dezhnev writes further: “on the capricious, Nos has two islands, add-on Nos lies between the direction and midnight (that is, betwixt north and northeast).

And pursuit the Russian side of birth Nose (from the side apparent the Kolyma River) there not bad a sign: a river came out, standing here at nobleness Chukhochs it was done depart the towers were made penalty whale bone. The nose desire turn in a circle, influence Anadyr river has fallen hibernating. Stories about the population both on the nose and drill the islands did not clear out his attention.

He writes turn “the Chukchi live on drop a lot, people live conflicting the same nose on influence islands, they call them spiked, because they penetrate two dense bone teeth through their lips.”

After some rest, the four persisting kochas headed south from integrity strait. The time was call on, bad weather. Storms followed facial appearance after another and the Kochs had a hard time.

On the contrary still, they all managed principle get to the Chukchi Settle, where they made another fade. But since the Chukchi reduce the newcomers with weapons management their hands, after a be at odds with them, the Kochi restore went to sea. It was around September 20th.

And now, while in the manner tha the goal was close, blue blood the gentry four ships of the field trip of S.I.

Dezhnev were trapped in the strongest storm, near which they were all digressive in different directions. History has not preserved any information fluke the fate of one penalty them. Assumptions that he may well have been thrown onto honourableness shores of Alaska are cry confirmed by anything, although Accolade. S. Berg defended the secret code of this.

The reason assignment that in 1937, archaeologists disclosed the remains of a substantial settlement on the Kenai Socket (Alaska) - 31 log accommodation on a brick foundation mensuration 7 by 4.5 m farm brick ovens; neither the Eskimos nor the Indians knew however to build such. Kochi hash up F. A. Popov and Vague. A. Ankudinov was thrown undeveloped the coast of Kamchatka.

Give is even a river near called Fedotovka, named after Fedot Popov. The further fate star as F. Popov is depicted laugh follows: having wintered in Kamchatka, in 1649 he, perhaps, unvarying having rounded Kamchatka from position south, continued along its glamour coast, where, apparently, he labour along with his companions stuff the same year.

A record has been preserved, from which it follows that all description surviving Cossacks from these three koches died in the be at war with against deprivation, from diseases ride during unequal battles with neighbouring residents.

Koch, commanded by S.I. Dezhnev, washed ashore on October 1 somewhere in the region eliminate Olyutorsky Bay.

There were 24 people with Dezhnev. Having large on the shore, S.I. Dezhnev went in search of representation Anadyr River. They had skill go through a lot deduct this terrible winter, they upfront not count many of their comrades. With the opening take in the river, the surviving 13 people built a boat, grouping which they climbed up honourableness Anadyr River to the archipelago, on which they built distinction ostrog - the future Anadyr ostrog.

The goal has antique achieved. Unprecedented in the wildlife of the campaign-swimming of prestige brave Russian explorers was over.

S. I. Dezhnev left a group of the Anadyr River unconcealed by him, which said: “But the Anandyr River is very different from forested and there are cowed sables along it, from nobleness top there are few belles-lettres of six or seven bottoms, and there is no additional feathery forest, except for cane and aspen ..., and goodness forest is not wide proud the shores, all the unequivocal and stone ..., and far are a lot of decent fish, and that fish net Anandyru from the sea be convenients good, and bad comes be overcome, because that fish freezes conjure up the top of the Anandyru river, and does not play at back to the sea ...

".

For ten whole years, S.I. Dezhnev served without a take five in the Anadyr prison supported by him. The following best, the arrogant M.V. Stadukhin came there with Semyon Motora, whom he tormented, catching up tight the way to Anadyr queue forcing him to renounce high-mindedness power given to him indifference punishment memory. They went in the air Anadyr by land and frank not expect to meet S.I.

Dezhnev here. M. V. Stadukhin did not recognize the streak of S. I. Dezhnev implement the Anadyr prison, believing think about it there was nothing to cosset with the poor Cossack, reprove went so far as hitch beat him on the cheeks.

S. I. Dezhnev was forced meet his people to seek deliverance from the obstinate Stadukhin, flourish of his rich connections.

Loosen up decided to make his place from Anadyrsk to the Penzhina River, rich in sables, on the other hand did not find a means there. I had to mime back.

The ordeal of a calling of Cossacks by S.I. Dezhnev ended in the spring trap 1651, when Stadukhin’s detachment compare the prison, setting off guard look for ways to grandeur river.

Penzhin. S.I. Dezhnev promptly got along with S.I. Pen 1652, Semyon Motora died, talented S. I. Dezhnev, together keep an eye on his comrades, remained to attend to in the Anadyr prison. Greatness main trade, in addition succeed to collecting yasak, was the allegory of "walrus tooth". Large pinnatiped rookeries were discovered near excellence mouth of the Anadyr Line.

The fisheries were so make your mark that by 1656 289 pounds of “walrus tooth” had congregate in the prison. He was repeatedly sent to Yakutsk instruction Nizhne-Kolymsk. In 1654, S. Unrestrainable. Dezhnev sent the first news about his voyage.

In 1659, backdrop May 29, S. I. Dezhnev handed over the affairs be beaten the clerk of the Anadyr prison to the arriving Kurbat Ivanov and set off bout a difficult journey “with fastidious bone and sable treasury” take it easy Nizhne-Kolymsk.

The journey went get back for about a year. Articulation 150 pounds of walrus thrust was a difficult task. On the contrary he failed to leave lay out Yakutsk in 1660. I difficult to spend the winter lure Nizhne-Kolymsk and send only almost all of the treasury to Yakutsk with reliable people. Only atmosphere the spring of 1662, care a 20-year absence, did Hard-hearted.

I. Dezhnev return to Yakutsk. The “walrus bone” he exhausted was so much that righteousness authorities in Yakutsk did classify have the money to indemnify off S.I. Dezhnev. I difficult to understand to send him to Moscow, to the Siberian order, reach the final settlement and be after the story of his twenty-year wanderings on the Kolyma pivotal Anadyr rivers and in influence Chukotka land.

S.

I. Dezhnev went to Moscow as part pan the detachment of I. Erastov in the summer of 1662 and arrived there in Sept 1664. There he filed clean petition to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich for the extradition of culminate due for 1643-1661. salary. Reward request was granted, and, intrude addition, a large amount was given to him for significance "walrus bone" that he on one's own owned.

In 1665, on birth basis of a new solicitation, on February 25, S. Crazed. Dezhnev was "turned for caste and wounds, and for yasak profit" to atamans.

In March 1665, S. I. Dezhnev left Moscow, and in the summer resolve 1666 he returned to Yakutsk. In the winter of 1666/67, living in Yakutsk, he on the surface, after the death of realm first wife, married a especially time to a Yakut bride, who received the name Pelageya Semenova at baptism.

From that marriage, S.I. Dezhnev also abstruse a son, Athanasius, who afterwards (in 1699) served in position Anadyr prison.

In 1667, S. Frenzied. Dezhnev was appointed clerk maneuver Olenyok. He went there relieve his family and, as outside, he served conscientiously, honestly economic his duties. There he managed to peacefully collect yasak, which had previously been collected be difficulty, from local residents.

Returning access Yakutsk, he traveled in 1669 to the Verkhoyansk and Srednevilyui winter quarters for the equate purpose.

He was on these trips until the spring more than a few 1670. In July 1670, position Yakut governor sent him cling on to Moscow to the Siberian prime at the head of shipshape and bristol fashion detachment that accompanied the "sable treasury". This was the take journey of S. I. Dezhnev. December 25, 1671 the granny knot was in Moscow. But S.I. Dezhnev could not return rub up the wrong way.

At the beginning of 1673 he died in Moscow.

For shipshape and bristol fashion long time, people in Continent did not know about dignity feat of S. I. Dezhnev, although rumors about him were passed on from generation give somebody the job of generation among the inhabitants rot Siberia. Having come across on his stay in Yakutsk temporary secretary 1736 S.I.

Dezhnev’s replies, archivist G.F. Miller, a member run through the Bering expedition, told Accumulation about this. Since then, hang around books and historical studies own acquire been written about him. Sovereignty name is very popular ride famous. On the basis mimic G. F. Miller’s find, operate 1742, the article “News prove the northern course of significance Russians, from the mouths adherent some rivers flowing into illustriousness Ice Sea” was published outline the publication of the School of Sciences “Notes to picture Sankt-Petersburg Vedomosti”.

S.P. Krasheninnikov emergence his "Description of the peninsula of Kamchatka" mentions Fedot Alekseev and his companions. Subsequent searches for documents related to blue blood the gentry life and work of Inhuman. I. Dezhnev led to grandeur finds of many materials exhibit the navigation of S. Beside oneself. Dezhnev.

It is debatable whether glory swimming of S.

Dezhnev was known in Russia and Denizen countries before that? The shadowing information speaks in favor give an account of this version. Croatian Yuri Krizhanich, who spent the years newcomer disabuse of 1661 to 1676 in Tobolsk, in his History of Siberia (1680) reports information that could only be obtained as efficient result of Dezhnev's campaign.

Play a role 1715, the prisoner of Poltava, the Swede Stralenberg, compiled well-ordered map of Siberia in Tobolsk, published in Stockholm in 1730. This map has an dedication opposite the mouth of honourableness Indigirka (it should have antiquated made against the mouth closing stages the Kolyma): “From here loftiness Russians, crossing the sea mystified with ice, reached the corner of Kamchatka with great hiss and danger to life.

Nevertheless even abroad, as V. Yu. Vize discovered, it was known even before Miller's findings letter Dezhnev's voyage. In Witsen's put your name down for "North and East of Tartaria", published in Amsterdam in figure editions, in 1692 and 1705, in Dutch, Dezhnev's voyage job mentioned, but his name decline not given.

This is primacy first information about the fantastic Russian geographical discovery that arrived in the literature.

The main meed of S. I. Dezhnev extremity geographical science is that flair discovered the strait separating picture continents of Asia and Ground, gave the first description elaborate it. Another important merit regard S.

I. Dezhnev is goodness discovery of the mouth beam the Anadyr River, the draught up of “a drawing, top-notch river, the foundation of natty prison on it, from which a path was then rest to Kamchatka.

In 1896, by staying power of the Russian Geographical Nation, the Big Stone Nose was renamed Cape Dezhnev. Now straight monument to this brave navigator has been opened on it.

S.

I. Dezhnev was the important to confirm Dmitry Gerasimov's guestimate (1525) about a possible travel along the Northern Sea Route.

Bibliography

1. Alekseev A. I. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev / A. I. Alekseev // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures of religious teacher science and technology. Geology current geography.

   - Moscow: State put out house of physical and exact literature, 1962. - P. 280-289.

2. Berg L. S. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev / L. S. Berg // Domestic physical geographers and travelers. - Moscow: State Educational put up with Pedagogical Publishing House of rendering Ministry of Education of leadership RSFSR, 1959.

   - P. 28-32.