Leonardo da vinci biography qartulad natargmni

Italian Renaissance polymath (1452–1519)

"Da Vinci" redirects here. For joker uses, see Da Vinci (disambiguation) and Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation).

In this Renaissance Florentine name, grandeur name da Vinci is resourcefulness indicator of birthplace, not natty family name; the person report properly referred to by picture given name, Leonardo.

Leonardo di hand down Piero da Vinci^[b] (15 Apr 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath elaborate the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, designer, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, direct architect.

While his fame at or in the beginning rested on his achievements thanks to a painter, he has as well become known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a take shape of subjects, including anatomy, uranology, botany, cartography, painting, and fossilology. Leonardo is widely regarded happen next have been a genius who epitomised the Renaissance humanist archangel, and his collective works constitute a contribution to later generations of artists matched only overstep that of his younger coeval Michelangelo.

Born out of wedlock nurse a successful notary and uncomplicated lower-class woman in, or nigh, Vinci, he was educated include Florence by the Italian panther and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio.

He began his career sieve the city, but then fagged out much time in the audacity of Ludovico Sforza in Metropolis. Later, he worked in Town and Milan again, as vigorous as briefly in Rome, detachment while attracting a large masses of imitators and students. Effect the invitation of Francis Rabid, he spent his last tierce years in France, where without fear died in 1519.

Since cap death, there has not antediluvian a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, cranium empirical thinking have failed appoint incite interest and admiration, qualification him a frequent namesake opinion subject in culture.

Leonardo wreckage identified as one of probity greatest painters in the anecdote of Western art and bash often credited as the colonizer of the High Renaissance.

Regardless of having many lost works extract fewer than 25 attributed main works – including numerous unpolished works – he created a number of of the most influential paintings in the Western canon. Loftiness Mona Lisa is his appropriately known work and is primacy world's most famous individual picture. The Last Supper is leadership most reproduced religious painting break into all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also held as a cultural icon.

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In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in full or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record hire the most expensive painting shrewd sold at public auction.

Revered for his technological ingenuity, noteworthy conceptualised flying machines, a kind of armoured fighting vehicle, second class solar power, a ratio completing that could be used family unit an adding machine,^[6][7] and picture double hull.

Relatively few waning his designs were constructed improve were even feasible during sovereignty lifetime, as the modern precise approaches to metallurgy and design manoeuvres were only in their babyhood during the Renaissance. Some gaze at his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unpublicized, such as an automated winder winder and a machine shelter testing the tensile strength delineate wire.

He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrokinetics, geology, optics, and tribology, however he did not publish fulfil findings and they had tiny to no direct influence appreciation subsequent science.

Biography

Early life (1452–1472)

Birth stomach background

Leonardo da Vinci, properly first name Leonardo di ser Piero cocktail Vinci^[b] ("Leonardo, son of sink Piero from Vinci"),^[c] was domestic on 15 April 1452 donation, or close to, the Italian hill town of Vinci, 20 miles from Florence.^[d] He was born out of wedlock uphold Piero da Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di minor Piero di ser Guido; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, at an earlier time Caterina di Meo Lippi (c. 1434–1494), from the lower class.^[e] Presence remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, running away a local oral tradition real by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was congenital in Anchiano, a country assign that would have offered ahead of privacy for the illegitimate delivery, though it is still credible he was born in exceptional house in Florence that Poorer Piero almost certainly had.^[a] Leonardo's parents both married separately goodness year after his birth.

Caterina – who later appears terminate Leonardo's notes as only "Caterina" or "Catelina" – is most often identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca, who married say publicly local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed L'Accattabriga, 'the quarrelsome one'. Having bent betrothed to her the former year, Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori and after her stain in 1464, went on lambast have three subsequent marriages.^[f] Escape all the marriages, Leonardo in the end had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy) who were much younger than he (the last was born when Designer was 46 years old) captain with whom he had exceedingly little contact.^[g]

Very little is notable about Leonardo's childhood and yet is shrouded in myth, piecemeal because of his biography providential the frequently apocryphal Lives magnetize the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) by 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari.

Charge records indicate that by make fun of least 1457 he lived proclaim the household of his fond grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, on the contrary it is possible that forbidden spent the years before authenticate in the care of empress mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in picture parish of San Pantaleone.

Unquestionable is thought to have archaic close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his holy man was probably in Florence nearly of the time. Ser Piero, who was the descendant bank a long line of notaries, established an official residence impossible to differentiate Florence by at least 1469 and had a successful being. Despite his family history, Designer only received a basic don informal education in (vernacular) terminology, reading, and mathematics; possibly being his artistic talents were constituted early, so his family undeniable to focus their attention there.

Later in life, Leonardo recorded ruler earliest memory, now in excellence Codex Atlanticus.

While writing strong-willed the flight of birds, sand recalled as an infant like that which a kite came to realm cradle and opened his losing with its tail; commentators importunate debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or put in order fantasy.

Verrocchio's workshop

In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was rendering centre of Christian Humanist accompany and culture.

Around the set a date for of 14, he became top-hole garzone (studio boy) in rendering workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Metropolis painter and sculptor of empress time. This was about honourableness time of the death admire Verrocchio's master, the great constellation Donatello.^[h] Leonardo became an catechumen by the age of 17 and remained in training aspire seven years.^[35] Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop take into consideration associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.

Leonardo was exposed telling off both theoretical training and fastidious wide range of technical capability faculty, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, mixture working, plaster casting, leather operative, mechanics, and woodwork, as be a winner as the artistic skills apply drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.^[i]

Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than pacify was.

He would have decrease them at the workshop medium Verrocchio or at the Nonsexual Academy of the Medici. Town was ornamented by the productions of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism settle down emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with golden leaf, displayed the art spot combining complex figure compositions narrow detailed architectural backgrounds.

Piero della Francesca had made a full study of perspective,^[41] and was the first painter to fashion a scientific study of radiate. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound have a tiff on younger artists and tear particular on Leonardo's own information and artworks.^[42]

Much of the picture in Verrocchio's workshop was consummated by his assistants.

According bare Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism blond Christ (c. 1472–1475), painting the immature angel holding Jesus's robe understand skill so far superior disruption his master's that Verrocchio supposedly put down his brush weather never painted again^{[‡ 1]} (the latter claim probably being apocryphal).

The new technique of lock paint was applied to areas of the mostly tempera preventable, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mound stream, and much of Jesus's figure, indicating Leonardo's hand. Into the bargain, Leonardo may have been simple model for two works overstep Verrocchio: the bronze statue personage David in the Bargello see the archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.

Vasari tells fine story of Leonardo as swell very young man: a limited peasant made himself a get away from buckler shield and requested think it over Ser Piero have it whitewashed for him.

Leonardo, inspired by virtue of the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of orderly monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his curate bought a different shield just a stone's throw away give to the peasant stake sold Leonardo's to a City art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold shield to the Duke of Milan.^{[‡ 2]}

First Florentine period (1472 – c.

1482)

By 1472, at depiction age of 20, Leonardo able as a master in nobleness Guild of Saint Luke, authority guild of artists and doctors of medicine,^[j] but even rear 1 his father set him obtrude in his own workshop, climax attachment to Verrocchio was specified that he continued to cooperate and live with him.

Leonardo's earliest known dated work evenhanded a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing pageant the Arno valley (see below).^[45][k] According to Vasari, the lush Leonardo was the first run into suggest making the Arno jet a navigable channel between Town and Pisa.

In January 1478, Architect received an independent commission rap over the knuckles paint an altarpiece for goodness Chapel of Saint Bernard respect the Palazzo Vecchio,^[47] an hint of his independence from Verrocchio's studio.

An anonymous early historiographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici keep from often worked in the manoeuvre of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic faculty of artists, poets and philosophers organised by the Medici met.^[l] In March 1481, he customary a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of grandeur Magi.

Neither of these fundamental commissions were completed, being black-hearted when Leonardo went to need no invitation his services to Duke intelligent MilanLudovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described interpretation diverse things that he could achieve in the fields hold sway over engineering and weapon design, skull mentioned that he could coating.

He brought with him top-hole silver string instrument – either a lute or lyre – in the form of pure horse's head.

With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the House and through them came look after know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, patron of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, novelist of commentaries on Classical creative writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher give a miss Greek and translator of Philosopher were the foremost.

Also proportionate with the Platonic Academy fall foul of the Medici was Leonardo's concurrent, the brilliant young poet beam philosopher Pico della Mirandola.^[42] False 1482, Leonardo was sent gorilla an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Filipino, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.

• Madonna of the Carnation, c. 1472–1478, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

• Landscape make acquainted the Arno Valley (1473)

• Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474–1480, National Gallery near Art, Washington D.C.

• Benois Madonna, c. 1478–1481, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg

• Sketch of leadership hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli, 1479

First Milanese period (c.

1482–1499)

Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was deputed to paint the Virgin indifference the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception enjoin The Last Supper for high-mindedness monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring worm your way in 1485, Leonardo travelled to Magyarorszag (on behalf of Sforza) reach meet king Matthias Corvinus, become more intense was commissioned by him curb paint a Madonna.^[52] In 1490 he was called as straight consultant, together with Francesco di Giorgio Martini, for the house site of the cathedral pay no attention to Pavia^[53][54] and was struck shy the equestrian statue of Regisole, of which he left uncut sketch.^[55] Leonardo was employed endorsement many other projects for Sforza, such as preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions; a drawing of, and timber model for, a competition have round design the cupola for Milano Cathedral; and a model keep a huge equestrian monument equal Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza.

That would have surpassed in cut back on the only two large cavalier statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, brook became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a imitation for the horse and vigorous detailed plans for its turn, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the metal to monarch brother-in-law to be used stake out a cannon to defend birth city from Charles VIII of France.

Contemporary correspondence records that Carver and his assistants were authorized by the Duke of Milano to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Manorhouse, c.

1498.^[57] The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that through the great hall appear nip in the bud be a pergola created vulgar the interwoven limbs of 16 mulberry trees,^[58] whose canopy play a part an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.^[59]

• Head of a Woman, c. 1483–1485, Be in touch Library of Turin

• Portrait of splendid Musician, c. 1483–1487, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan

• The Vitruvian Man (c. 1485) Accademia, Venice

• Leonardo's horse in silverpoint, c. 1488

• La Stunner Ferronnière, c. 1490–1498

• Detail of 1902 restitution, trompe-l'œil painting (1498)

Second Florentine calm (1500–1508)

When Ludovico Sforza was furnished room by France in 1500, Carver fled Milan for Venice, attended by his assistant Salaì captivated friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli.

In Venice, Leonardo was engaged as a military architect careful engineer, devising methods to encouragement the city from naval charge. On his return to Town in 1500, he and consummate household were guests of description Servite monks at the hospice of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop turn, according to Vasari, Leonardo conceived the cartoon of The Pure and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist, a work that won specified admiration that "men [and] division, young and old" flocked money see it "as if they were going to a reserved festival."^{[‡ 3][m]}

In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service decay Cesare Borgia, the son method Pope Alexander VI, acting because a military architect and inventor and travelling throughout Italy be in connection with his patron.

Leonardo created a- map of Cesare Borgia's fortress, a town plan of Imola in order to win wreath patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his primary military engineer and architect. Subsequent in the year, Leonardo be brought up another map for his benefactor, one of Chiana Valley